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<title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title> |
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<h2>The Free Software Definition</h2> |
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|
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<p> |
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We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be |
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true about a particular software program for it to be considered free |
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software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it. |
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If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see |
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the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand |
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the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” |
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not as in “free beer.” |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, |
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study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the |
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program's users have the four essential freedoms: |
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</p> |
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|
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<ul> |
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<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
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<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make |
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it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a |
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precondition for this. |
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</li> |
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<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
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(freedom 2). |
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</li> |
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<li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions |
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to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole |
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community a chance to benefit from your changes. |
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Access to the source code is a precondition for this. |
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</li> |
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</ul> |
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|
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<p> |
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A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, |
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you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without |
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modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to |
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<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these |
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things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay |
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for permission to do so. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them |
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privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they |
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exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to |
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notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person |
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or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of |
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overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it |
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with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is |
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the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> |
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purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, |
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and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it |
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for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable |
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forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and |
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unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary |
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for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there |
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is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program |
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(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the |
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freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to |
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make them. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the |
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freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have |
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access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of |
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source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated |
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“source code” is not real source code and does not count |
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as source code. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
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the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
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run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — |
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a practice known as “tivoization” or (through |
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blacklisting) as “secure boot” — freedom 1 becomes a |
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theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. This is not |
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sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free software |
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even if the source code they are compiled from is free. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free |
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subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you |
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cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it |
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requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the |
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license is too restrictive to qualify as free. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Freedom 3 includes the freedom to use release your modified versions |
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as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of |
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releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be |
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a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a |
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license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify |
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as a free license. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
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irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
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software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change |
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its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the |
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software is not free. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free |
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software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central |
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freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that |
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when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny |
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other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with |
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the central freedoms; rather it protects them. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A free |
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program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
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and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
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is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
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You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have |
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obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, |
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you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to |
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<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. |
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If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that |
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someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they |
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don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or |
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your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that “if |
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you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in |
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that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same condition. (Note that |
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such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version |
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at all.) Rules that require release of source code to the users for |
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versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It is also |
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acceptable for the license to require that you identify |
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your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified |
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version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send |
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one. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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In the GNU project, we use |
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“<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” |
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to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
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<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted |
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free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why |
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<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, |
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but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically |
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ethical. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> |
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for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted software” |
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and other categories of software relate to each other. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a> |
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and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of |
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programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to |
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eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do |
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is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
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way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
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jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
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must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of |
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any of the essential freedoms. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits |
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on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a |
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copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it |
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is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated |
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(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software |
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licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger |
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range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways |
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such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a |
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contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that |
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copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as |
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legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude |
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it is nonfree. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms |
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like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that |
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the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such |
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as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See |
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<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that |
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are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have |
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a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of |
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“free software”</a> into various languages. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software |
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definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide |
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whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, |
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we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their |
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spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable |
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restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue |
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in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue |
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that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer, |
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before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach |
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a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make |
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it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free |
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software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list |
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of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not |
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listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at |
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<a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org"><licensing@gnu.org></a>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the |
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Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The |
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proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work |
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for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you |
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find an existing free software license that meets your needs. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our |
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help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license |
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and avoid various practical problems. |
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</p> |
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|
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<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2> |
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|
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<p> |
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<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, |
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for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the |
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manuals are in effect part of the software. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
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practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
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such as educational works and reference |
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works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known |
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example. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software |
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has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/"> |
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free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. |
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</p> |
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|
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<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2> |
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|
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<p> |
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Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean |
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something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We |
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prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that |
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it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
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word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
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never refers to freedom</a>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<h2 id="History">History</h2> |
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|
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<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to |
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clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with |
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links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review |
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them if they like.</p> |
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|
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<ul> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version |
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1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version |
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1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies |
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of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate |
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in someone else's development project.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version |
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1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as |
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free software.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version |
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1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; |
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i.e., no tivoization.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version |
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1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are |
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unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete |
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replacement.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version |
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1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated |
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in some places but not reflected everywhere: |
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<ul> |
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<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can |
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substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release. |
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Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li> |
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<li>The right to merge in existing modules |
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refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li> |
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<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li> |
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<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version |
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1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version |
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1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run |
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the program for any purpose.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version |
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1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version |
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1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other |
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available free software to create your modifications.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version |
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1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to |
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provide source for versions of the software you put into public |
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use.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version |
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1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to |
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identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor |
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clarifications throughout the text.</li> |
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|
370 |
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version |
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1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based |
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licenses.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version |
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1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li> |
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|
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version |
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1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of |
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versions you distribute to the author.</li> |
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|
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</ul> |
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|
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<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other |
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changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all. |
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Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would |
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like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on |
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our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
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interface</a>.</p> |
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|
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</div> |
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|
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<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> |
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|
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<div id="footer"> |
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|
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<p> |
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Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to |
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<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. |
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There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
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the FSF. |
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<br /> |
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Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to |
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<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Please see the |
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<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
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README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting |
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translations of this article. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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</p> |
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<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is |
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permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is |
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preserved. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Updated: |
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<!-- timestamp start --> |
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$Date: 2010/03/09 22:51:49 $ |
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<!-- timestamp end --> |
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</p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div id="translations"> |
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<h4>Translations of this page</h4> |
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|
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<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original --> |
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<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English --> |
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<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the --> |
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<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please --> |
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<!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to --> |
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<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG --> |
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<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html --> |
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<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" --> |
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<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias --> |
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<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases --> |
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<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus --> |
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<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm --> |
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<ul class="translations-list"> |
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<!-- Afrikaans --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li> |
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<!-- Arabic --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li> |
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