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Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point that
tivoization violates it.

1 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
2
3 <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
4
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11
12 <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
13
14 <p>
15 We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
16 true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
17 software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
18 If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
19 the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
20 </p>
21
22 <p>
23 &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
24 the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo;
25 not as in &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;
26 </p>
27
28 <p>
29 Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
30 study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the
31 program's users have the four essential freedoms:
32 </p>
33
34 <ul>
35 <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
36 <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
37 does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
38 code is a precondition for this.
39 </li>
40 <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
41 (freedom 2).
42 </li>
43 <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
44 to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
45 community a chance to benefit from your changes.
46 Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
47 </li>
48 </ul>
49
50 <p>
51 A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus,
52 you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
53 modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
54 <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these
55 things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
56 for permission to do so.
57 </p>
58
59 <p>
60 You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
61 privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
62 exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
63 notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
64 </p>
65
66 <p>
67 The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
68 or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
69 overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
70 with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
71 the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
72 purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
73 and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
74 for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
75 </p>
76
77 <p>
78 The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
79 forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
80 unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
81 for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
82 is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
83 (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
84 freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
85 make them.
86 </p>
87
88 <p>
89 In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
90 freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
91 access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
92 source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
93 &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
94 as source code.
95 </p>
96
97 <p>
98 Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
99 the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
100 run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
101 practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
102 or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
103 boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
104 than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words,
105 these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
106 compiled from is free.
107 </p>
108
109 <p>
110 One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
111 subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
112 cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module &mdash; for instance, if it
113 requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add &mdash; then the
114 license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
115 </p>
116
117 <p>
118 Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
119 as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
120 releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
121 a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a
122 license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
123 as a free license.
124 </p>
125
126 <p>
127 In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
128 irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
129 software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
130 its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
131 software is not free.
132 </p>
133
134 <p>
135 However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
136 software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
137 freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
138 when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
139 other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with
140 the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
141 </p>
142
143 <p>
144 &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo; A free
145 program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
146 and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
147 is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
148 You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
149 obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
150 you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
151 <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
152 </p>
153
154 <p>
155 Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
156 If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
157 someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
158 </p>
159
160 <p>
161 However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
162 if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
163 versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
164 Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
165 name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
166 modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
167 burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
168 changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
169 the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
170 </p>
171
172 <p>
173 Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
174 must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
175 on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
176 saying that if you have distributed a
177 modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
178 must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
179 whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
180 of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
181 are also acceptable.
182 </p>
183
184 <p>
185 In the GNU project, we use
186 <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
187 to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
188 <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
189 free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
190 <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
191 but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
192 ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate to each other.)
193 </p>
194
195 <p>
196 Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
197 and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
198 programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
199 eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
200 is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
201 way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
202 jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
203 must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
204 any of the essential freedoms.
205 </p>
206
207 <p>
208 Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
209 on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
210 copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
211 is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
212 (though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
213 licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
214 range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
215 such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
216 </p>
217
218 <p>
219 We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
220 contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
221 copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
222 legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
223 it is nonfree.
224 </p>
225
226 <p>
227 When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
228 like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
229 the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
230 as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
231 <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
232 are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
233 a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
234 &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
235 </p>
236
237 <p>
238 Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
239 definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
240 whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
241 we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
242 spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
243 restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
244 in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
245 that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
246 before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
247 a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
248 it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
249 </p>
250
251 <p>
252 If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
253 software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
254 of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
255 listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
256 <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
257 </p>
258
259 <p>
260 If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
261 Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
262 proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
263 for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
264 find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
265 </p>
266
267 <p>
268 If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
269 help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
270 and avoid various practical problems.
271 </p>
272
273 <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
274
275 <p>
276 <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
277 for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
278 manuals are in effect part of the software.
279 </p>
280
281 <p>
282 The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
283 practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
284 such as educational works and reference
285 works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
286 example.
287 </p>
288
289 <p>
290 Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
291 has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
292 free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
293 </p>
294
295 <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
296
297 <p>
298 Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
299 something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo; We
300 prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
301 it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
302 word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
303 never refers to freedom</a>.
304 </p>
305
306 <h2 id="History">History</h2>
307
308 <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
309 clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
310 links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
311 them if they like.</p>
312
313 <ul>
314
315 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.103&amp;r2=1.104">Version
316 1.104</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
317 (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
318 version for your computing.</li>
319
320 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
321 1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
322
323 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
324 1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
325 of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
326 in someone else's development project.</li>
327
328 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version
329 1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
330 free software.</li>
331
332 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
333 1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
334 i.e., no tivoization.</li>
335
336 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
337 1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
338 unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
339 replacement.</li>
340
341 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
342 1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
343 in some places but not reflected everywhere:
344 <ul>
345 <li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
346 substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
347 Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
348 <li>The right to merge in existing modules
349 refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
350 <li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
351 <li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
352 </ul>
353 </li>
354
355 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
356 1.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>
357
358 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
359 1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
360 the program for any purpose.</li>
361
362 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
363 1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
364
365 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
366 1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
367 available free software to create your modifications.</li>
368
369 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
370 1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
371 provide source for versions of the software you put into public
372 use.</li>
373
374 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
375 1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
376 identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
377 clarifications throughout the text.</li>
378
379 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
380 1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
381 licenses.</li>
382
383 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
384 1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
385
386 <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
387 1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
388 versions you distribute to the author.</li>
389
390 </ul>
391
392 <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
393 changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
394 Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would
395 like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
396 our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
397 interface</a>.</p>
398
399 </div>
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404
405 <p>
406 Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
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408 There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
409 the FSF.
410 <br />
411 Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
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413 </p>
414
415 <p>
416 Please see the
417 <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
418 README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
419 translations of this article.
420 </p>
421
422 <p>
423 Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
424 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
425 </p>
426 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
427 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
428 Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
429 </p>
430
431 <p>
432 Updated:
433 <!-- timestamp start -->
434 $Date: 2011/07/13 17:30:48 $
435 <!-- timestamp end -->
436 </p>
437 </div>
438
439 <div id="translations">
440 <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
441
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479 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x03b5;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
480 <!-- English -->
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511 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
512 <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
513 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
514 <!-- Romanian -->
515 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
516 <!-- Russian -->
517 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
518 <!-- Slovak -->
519 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li>
520 <!--- Slovenian -->
521 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
522 <!-- Serbian -->
523 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
524 <!-- Swedish -->
525 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
526 <!-- Tamil -->
527 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
528 <!-- Tagalog -->
529 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
530 <!-- Turkish -->
531 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
532 <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
533 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
534 <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
535 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
536 </ul>
537 </div>
538
539 </div>
540
541 </body>
542 </html>

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