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-revision 1.92 by rms,
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+revision 1.148 by rms,
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  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+ <!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
- <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+ <title>What is free software?
+ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
- <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
- <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
- <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
+ <h2>What is free software?</h2>
+ <!--#include virtual="/licenses/fsf-licensing.html" -->
+ <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+ The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+ particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
+ time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+ about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
+ below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+ software.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
  <p>
- We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
- true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+ freedom and community.  Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
- software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+ freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
- If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+ software</b>.  Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of
- the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
+ liberty, not price.  To understand the concept, you should think of
+ &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in
+ &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.  We sometimes call it &ldquo;libre
+ software,&rdquo; borrowing the French or Spanish word for
+ &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
+ is gratis.
  </p>
  <p>
- &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
+ We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them.  With
- the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo;
+ these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
- not as in &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;
+ the program and what it does for them.  When users don't control the
+ program, we call it a &ldquo;nonfree&rdquo; or
+ &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program.  The nonfree program controls the
+ users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
+ program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+ an instrument of unjust power</a>.
  </p>
  <p>
- Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+ A program is free software if the program's users have the
- study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it means that the
+ four essential freedoms:
- program's users have the four essential freedoms:
  </p>
  <ul>
-   <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
+   <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish,
-   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make
+       for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
-       it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
-       precondition for this.
+       does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+       code is a precondition for this.
    </li>
    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
        (freedom 2).
-Line 48 
 program's users have the four essential
+Line 72 
 program's users have the four essential
  </ul>
  <p>
- A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
+ A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
- you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+ freedoms.  Otherwise, it is nonfree.  While we can distinguish various
- modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+ nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
+ being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
+ <p>In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code
+ we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of.  For instance,
+ consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to
+ handle some cases.  If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that
+ implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B
+ are free.  However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
+ only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p>
+ <p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes
+ specific freedoms adequate or not.</p>
+ <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
+ redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
+ gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
  for permission to do so.
-Line 75 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
+Line 115 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
  </p>
  <p>
+ The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not
+ forbidden or stopped from doing so.  It has nothing to do with what
+ functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you
+ want to do.</p>
+ <p>
  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
-Line 87 
 make them.
+Line 133 
 make them.
  <p>
  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
- freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+ freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
  source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
  &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
-Line 97 
 as source code.
+Line 143 
 as source code.
  <p>
  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
- run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash;
+ run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
- a practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or (through
+ practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
- blacklisting) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a
+ or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
- theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.  This is not
+ boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
- sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not free software
+ practical reality.  These binaries are not free
- even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
+ software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 114 
 license is too restrictive to qualify as
+Line 160 
 license is too restrictive to qualify as
  </p>
  <p>
- Freedom 3 includes the freedom to use release your modified versions
+ Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
  as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of
  releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
  a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a
-Line 125 
 as a free license.
+Line 171 
 as a free license.
  <p>
  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
  irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
- software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+ software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
- its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+ restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
- software is not free.
+ cause, the software is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
- freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
+ freedoms.  For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
- when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
+ (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
- other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
+ you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
- the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+ This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
+ protects them.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
+ legally for everyone.  We believe there are important reasons why
+ <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
+ copyleft</a>.  However,
+ <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
+ noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical
+ too.  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+ Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo;
+ &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software
+ relate to each other.
  </p>
  <p>
- &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo;  A free
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.  A free
  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
  is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
-Line 152 
 you always have the freedom to copy and
+Line 212 
 you always have the freedom to copy and
  <p>
  Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
- If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+ If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
- someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+ someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
- However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
+ However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
- don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
+ if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
- your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that &ldquo;if
+ versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
- you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
+ Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
- that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
+ name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
- such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
+ modifications as yours.  As long as these requirements are not so
- at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
+ burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
- versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
+ changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
- acceptable for the license to require that you identify
+ the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
- your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified
- version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send
- one.
  </p>
  <p>
- In the GNU project, we use
+ Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
- &ldquo;<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>&rdquo;
+ must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
- to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
+ on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one
- <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
+ saying that if you have distributed a
- free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
+ modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
- <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
+ must send one.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
- but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
+ whether to distribute your version at all.)  Rules that require release
- ethical.
+ of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+ are also acceptable.
  </p>
  <p>
- See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
+ A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
- for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo;
+ which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
- and other categories of software relate to each other.
+ effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
- </p>
+ can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
+ sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
+ facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+ alias for the modified version.</p>
  <p>
  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
-Line 196 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
+Line 257 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
- must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
+ must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
- any of the essential freedoms.
+ condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
+ them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
+ not restrict users.  If an export regulation is actually trivial for
+ free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
+ problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
+ export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
+ software nonfree.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
+ nonfree program.  Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
+ comply with the licenses of &ldquo;all the programs you use&rdquo;, in
+ the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
+ compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
+ license nonfree.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
+ law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 266 
 help you can ensure that the license rea
+Line 351 
 help you can ensure that the license rea
  and avoid various practical problems.
  </p>
- <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+ <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
  <p>
  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
-Line 278 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
+Line 363 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
  such as educational works and reference
- works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
+ works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
  example.
  </p>
-Line 288 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
+Line 373 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
  </p>
- <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+ <h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
  <p>
- Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
+ Another group uses the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
- something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;  We
+ something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;.  We
  prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
  never refers to freedom</a>.
  </p>
- <h2 id="History">History</h2>
+ <h3 id="History">History</h3>
- <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+ <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
- clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+ the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
- links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+ was changed.</p>
- them if they like.</p>
  <ul>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.140&amp;r2=1.141">Version
+.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.134&amp;r2=1.135">Version
+.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
+ as you wish.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.133&amp;r2=1.134">Version
+.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.130&amp;r2=1.131">Version
+.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
+ of another program.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.128&amp;r2=1.129">Version
+.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
+ specifications are allowed.  (This was always our policy.)</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
+.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
+ requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.117&amp;r2=1.118">Version
+.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
+ not on what modifications you have made.  And modifications are not limited
+ to &ldquo;improvements&rdquo;</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
+.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
+ retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable.  The copyright
+ holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
+ work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
+.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+ (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+ version for your computing.</li>
  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
 .92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
-Line 376 
 licenses.</li>
+Line 498 
 licenses.</li>
  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
 .11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
- versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+ versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li>
  </ul>
- <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+ <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
- changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+ other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
- Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
+ interpretations.  For instance, the list does not include changes in
- like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+ asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
- our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
+ You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
+ the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
  interface</a>.</p>
- </div>
+ </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
  <div id="footer">
+ <div class="unprintable">
- <p>
+ <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
- Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
- the FSF.
+ the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
- <br />
+ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
- Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
- <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
+ <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
- </p>
+         replace it with the translation of these two:
+         We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+         translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+         Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
+         <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+         our web pages, see <a
+         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+         README</a>. -->
+ Please see the <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+ of this article.</p>
+ </div>
- <p>
+ <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- Please see the
+      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+      be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
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+      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- translations of this article.
+      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- </p>
+      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+      document was modified, or published.
+      If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+      Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+      years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+      year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+      being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+ <p>Copyright &copy; 1996, 2002, 2004-2007, 2009-2016
+ Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+ <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+ href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
- <p>
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
- Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- </p>
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+ <p class="unprintable">Updated:
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