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<title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title> |
<title>What is free software? |
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- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> |
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<h2>The Free Software Definition</h2> |
<h2>What is free software?</h2> |
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<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3> |
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<blockquote> |
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<p> |
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The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a |
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particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to |
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time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions |
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about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a> |
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below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free |
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software. |
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</p> |
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</blockquote> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be |
“Free software” means software that respects users' |
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true about a particular software program for it to be considered free |
freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the |
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software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it. |
freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the |
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If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see |
software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of |
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the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information. |
liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of |
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“free” as in “free speech,” not as in |
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“free beer”. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand |
We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With |
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the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” |
these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control |
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not as in “free beer.” |
the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the |
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program, we call it a “nonfree” or |
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“proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the |
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users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the |
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program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> |
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an instrument of unjust power</a>. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, |
A program is free software if the program's users have the |
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study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the |
four essential freedoms: |
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program's users have the four essential freedoms: |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
<li>The freedom to run the program as you wish, |
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<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make |
for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
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it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a |
<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it |
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precondition for this. |
does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source |
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code is a precondition for this. |
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</li> |
</li> |
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<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
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(freedom 2). |
(freedom 2). |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, |
A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these |
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you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without |
freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various |
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modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to |
nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of |
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being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p> |
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<p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes |
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specific freedoms adequate or not.</p> |
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<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to |
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redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either |
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gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to |
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<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these |
<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these |
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things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay |
things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay |
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for permission to do so. |
for permission to do so. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not |
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forbidden or stopped from doing so. It has nothing to do with what |
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functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you |
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want to do.</p> |
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<p> |
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The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable |
The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable |
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forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and |
forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and |
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unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary |
unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary |
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<p> |
<p> |
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In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the |
In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the |
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freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have |
freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have |
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access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of |
access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of |
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source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated |
source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated |
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“source code” is not real source code and does not count |
“source code” is not real source code and does not count |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
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the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
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run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — |
run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a |
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a practice known as “tivoization” or (through |
practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, |
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blacklisting) as “secure boot” — freedom 1 becomes a |
or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure |
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theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. This is not |
boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a |
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sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free software |
practical reality. These binaries are not free |
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even if the source code they are compiled from is free. |
software even if the source code they are compiled from is free. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Freedom 3 includes the freedom to use release your modified versions |
Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions |
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as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of |
as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of |
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releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be |
releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be |
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a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a |
a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a |
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<p> |
<p> |
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In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
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irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
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software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change |
software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add |
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its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the |
restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give |
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software is not free. |
cause, the software is not free. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free |
However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free |
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software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central |
software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central |
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freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that |
freedoms. For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> |
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when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny |
(very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, |
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other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with |
you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. |
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the central freedoms; rather it protects them. |
This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it |
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protects them. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms |
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legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why |
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<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use |
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copyleft</a>. However, |
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<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"> |
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noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical |
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too. See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free |
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Software</a> for a description of how “free software,” |
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“copylefted software” and other categories of software |
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relate to each other. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A free |
“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free |
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program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
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and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
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is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. |
Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. |
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If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that |
If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that |
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someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom. |
someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they |
However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, |
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don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or |
if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified |
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your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that “if |
versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. |
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you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in |
Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the |
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that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same condition. (Note that |
name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your |
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such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version |
modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so |
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at all.) Rules that require release of source code to the users for |
burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your |
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versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It is also |
changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to |
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acceptable for the license to require that you identify |
the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more. |
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your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified |
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version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send |
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one. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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In the GNU project, we use |
Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you |
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“<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” |
must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, |
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to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one |
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<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted |
saying that if you have distributed a |
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free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why |
modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you |
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<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, |
must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of |
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but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically |
whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release |
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ethical. |
of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use |
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are also acceptable. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> |
A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by |
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for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted software” |
which the program will be invoked from other programs. That |
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and other categories of software relate to each other. |
effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it |
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</p> |
can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This |
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sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing |
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facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an |
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alias for the modified version.</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a> |
Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a> |
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is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
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way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
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jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
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must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of |
must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a |
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any of the essential freedoms. |
condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making |
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them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does |
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not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for |
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free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual |
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problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in |
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export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the |
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software nonfree. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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A free license may not require compliance with the license of a |
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nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to |
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comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in |
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the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require |
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compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the |
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license nonfree. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's |
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law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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and avoid various practical problems. |
and avoid various practical problems. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2> |
<h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, |
<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, |
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The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
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practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
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such as educational works and reference |
such as educational works and reference |
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works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known |
works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known |
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example. |
example. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. |
free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2> |
<h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean |
Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean |
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something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We |
something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We |
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prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that |
prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that |
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it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
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word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
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never refers to freedom</a>. |
never refers to freedom</a>. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<h2 id="History">History</h2> |
<h3 id="History">History</h3> |
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<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to |
<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is |
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clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with |
the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what |
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links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review |
was changed.</p> |
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them if they like.</p> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135">Version |
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1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program |
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as you wish.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134">Version |
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1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version |
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1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license |
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of another program.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129">Version |
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1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum |
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specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version |
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1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the |
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requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118">Version |
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1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify, |
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not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited |
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to “improvements”</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version |
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1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only |
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retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright |
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holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the |
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work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version |
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1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point |
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(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified |
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version for your computing.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version |
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version |
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1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> |
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> |
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</ul> |
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<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other |
<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are |
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changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all. |
other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its |
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Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would |
interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in |
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like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on |
asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page. |
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our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
You can review the complete list of changes to the page through |
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the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
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interface</a>.</p> |
interface</a>.</p> |
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<p> |
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to |
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Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to |
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<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. |
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. |
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There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
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the FSF. |
the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent |
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to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> |
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Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to |
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<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>. |
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, |
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</p> |
replace it with the translation of these two: |
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We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality |
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translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. |
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Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard |
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to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> |
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<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> |
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<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of |
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our web pages, see <a |
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href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
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README</a>. --> |
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Please see the <a |
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href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
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README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations |
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of this article.</p> |
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</div> |
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<p> |
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Please see the |
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<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this |
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translations of this article. |
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the |
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document was modified, or published. |
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If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. |
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Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying |
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years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable |
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year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including |
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being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). |
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There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers |
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Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> |
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<p>Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013 |
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Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> |
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<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" |
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href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative |
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Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p> |
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<p> |
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> |
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Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is |
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permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is |
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preserved. |
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<p> |
<p class="unprintable">Updated: |
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Updated: |
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$Date$ |
$Date$ |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<div id="translations"> |
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<h4>Translations of this page</h4> |
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