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<title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title> |
<title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title> |
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<h2>The Free Software Definition</h2> |
<h2>What is free software?</h2> |
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<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3> |
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<blockquote> |
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The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a |
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particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to |
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time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions |
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about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a> |
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below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free |
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software. |
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</blockquote> |
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<p> |
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“Free software” means software that respects users' |
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freedom and community. Roughly, the users have the freedom to run, |
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copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. With these |
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freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the |
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program and what it does for them. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be |
When users don't control the program, the program controls the users. |
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true about a particular software program for it to be considered free |
The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users. |
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software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it. |
This nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an |
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If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see |
instrument of unjust power. |
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the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand |
Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. |
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the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” |
To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as |
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not as in “free beer.” |
in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, |
A program is free software if the program's users have the |
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study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the |
four essential freedoms: |
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program's users have the four essential freedoms: |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<ul> |
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<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
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<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make |
<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it |
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it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a |
does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source |
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precondition for this. |
code is a precondition for this. |
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</li> |
</li> |
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<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
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(freedom 2). |
(freedom 2). |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
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the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
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run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — |
run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a |
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a practice known as “tivoization” or (through |
practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, |
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blacklisting) as “secure boot” — freedom 1 becomes a |
or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure |
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theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. This is not |
boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather |
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sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free software |
than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, |
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even if the source code they are compiled from is free. |
these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are |
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compiled from is free. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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Freedom 3 includes the freedom to use release your modified versions |
Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions |
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as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of |
as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of |
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releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be |
releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be |
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a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a |
a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a |
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<p> |
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In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
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irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
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software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change |
software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add |
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its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the |
restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give |
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software is not free. |
cause, the software is not free. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A free |
“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free |
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program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
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and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
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is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they |
However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, |
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don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or |
if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified |
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your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that “if |
versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. |
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you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in |
Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the |
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that way also” can be acceptable too, on the same condition. (Note that |
name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your |
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such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version |
modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so |
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at all.) Rules that require release of source code to the users for |
burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your |
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versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It is also |
changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to |
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acceptable for the license to require that you identify |
the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more. |
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your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified |
</p> |
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version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send |
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one. |
<p> |
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A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by |
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which the program will be invoked from other programs. That |
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effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it |
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can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This |
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sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's an suitable aliasing |
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facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an |
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alias for the modified version.</p> |
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<p> |
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Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you |
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must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, |
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on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one |
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saying that if you have distributed a |
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modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you |
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must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of |
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whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release |
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of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use |
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are also acceptable. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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In the GNU project, we use |
In the GNU project, we use |
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“<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>” |
<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> |
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to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
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<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted |
<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted |
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free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why |
free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why |
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<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, |
<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, |
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but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically |
but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically |
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ethical. |
ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to each other.) |
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<p> |
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See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> |
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for a description of how “free software,” “copylefted software” |
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and other categories of software relate to each other. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
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practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
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such as educational works and reference |
such as educational works and reference |
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works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known |
works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known |
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example. |
example. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean |
Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean |
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something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We |
something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We |
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prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that |
prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that |
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it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
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word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
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<h2 id="History">History</h2> |
<h2 id="History">History</h2> |
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<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to |
<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is |
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clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with |
the list of changes, along with links to show exactly what was |
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links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review |
changed.</p> |
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them if they like.</p> |
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<ul> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version |
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1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only |
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retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright |
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holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the |
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work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version |
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1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point |
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(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified |
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version for your computing.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version |
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version |
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1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> |
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> |
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</ul> |
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<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other |
<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are |
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changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all. |
other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such. |
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Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would |
These changes are in other parts of the page. You can review the |
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like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on |
complete list of changes to the page through |
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our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
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interface</a>.</p> |
interface</a>.</p> |
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</div> |
</div> |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, |
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2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is |
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" |
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permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is |
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative |
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preserved. |
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>. |
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</p> |
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527 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li> --> |
528 |
<!-- Hungarian --> |
<!-- Hungarian --> |
529 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> --> |
530 |
<!-- Indonesian --> |
<!-- Indonesian --> |
531 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li> --> |
532 |
<!-- Italian --> |
<!-- Italian --> |
533 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> --> |
534 |
<!-- Japanese --> |
<!-- Japanese --> |
535 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li> --> |
536 |
<!-- Korean --> |
<!-- Korean --> |
537 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li> --> |
538 |
<!-- Norwegian Bokmål --> |
<!-- Norwegian Bokmål --> |
539 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> --> |
540 |
<!-- Dutch --> |
<!-- Dutch --> |
541 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> --> |
542 |
<!-- Polish --> |
<!-- Polish --> |
543 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> --> |
544 |
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese --> |
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese --> |
545 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">português do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">português do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> --> |
546 |
<!-- Romanian --> |
<!-- Romanian --> |
547 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li> --> |
548 |
<!-- Russian --> |
<!-- Russian --> |
549 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li> --> |
550 |
<!-- Slovak --> |
<!-- Slovak --> |
551 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li> --> |
552 |
<!--- Slovenian --> |
<!-- - Slovenian --> |
553 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li> --> |
554 |
<!-- Serbian --> |
<!-- Serbian --> |
555 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li> --> |
556 |
<!-- Swedish --> |
<!-- Swedish --> |
557 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> --> |
558 |
<!-- Tamil --> |
<!-- Tamil --> |
559 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li> --> |
560 |
<!-- Tagalog --> |
<!-- Tagalog --> |
561 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> --> |
562 |
<!-- Turkish --> |
<!-- Turkish --> |
563 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> --> |
564 |
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) --> |
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) --> |
565 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li> --> |
566 |
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) --> |
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) --> |
567 |
<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li> |
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li> --> |
568 |
</ul> |
<!-- </ul> --> |
569 |
</div> |
<!-- </div> --> |
570 |
|
|
571 |
</div> |
</div> |
572 |
|
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