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1  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
2    
3  <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>  <title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
4    
5  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
6  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
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8  <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />  <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
9    
10  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
11    <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
12    
13  <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>  <h2>What is free software?</h2>
14    
15    <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
16    
17    <blockquote>
18    The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
19    particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
20    time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
21    about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
22    below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
23    software.
24    </blockquote>
25    
26    <p>
27    &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
28    freedom and community.  Roughly, the users have the freedom to run,
29    copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.  With these
30    freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the
31    program and what it does for them.
32    </p>
33    
34  <p>  <p>
35  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be  When users don't control the program, the program controls the users.
36  true about a particular software program for it to be considered free  The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users.
37  software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.  This nonfree or &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program is therefore an
38  If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see  instrument of unjust power.
 the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.  
39  </p>  </p>
40    
41  <p>  <p>
42  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand  Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.
43  the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo;  To understand the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as
44  not as in &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;  in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.
45  </p>  </p>
46    
47  <p>  <p>
48  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,  A program is free software if the program's users have the
49  study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it means that the  four essential freedoms:
 program's users have the four essential freedoms:  
50  </p>  </p>
51    
52  <ul>  <ul>
53    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
54    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
55        it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a        does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
56        precondition for this.        code is a precondition for this.
57    </li>    </li>
58    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
59        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
# Line 97  as source code. Line 115  as source code.
115  <p>  <p>
116  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
117  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
118  run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash;  run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
119  a practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or (through  practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
120  blacklisting) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a  or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
121  theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.  This is not  boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
122  sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not free software  than a practical freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other words,
123  even if the source code they are compiled from is free.  these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
124    compiled from is free.
125  </p>  </p>
126    
127  <p>  <p>
# Line 114  license is too restrictive to qualify as Line 133  license is too restrictive to qualify as
133  </p>  </p>
134    
135  <p>  <p>
136  Freedom 3 includes the freedom to use release your modified versions  Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
137  as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of  as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of
138  releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be  releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
139  a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a  a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a
# Line 125  as a free license. Line 144  as a free license.
144  <p>  <p>
145  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
146  irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the  irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
147  software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change  software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
148  its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the  restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
149  software is not free.  cause, the software is not free.
150  </p>  </p>
151    
152  <p>  <p>
# Line 140  the central freedoms; rather it protects Line 159  the central freedoms; rather it protects
159  </p>  </p>
160    
161  <p>  <p>
162  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo;  A free  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.  A free
163  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
164  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
165  is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
# Line 157  someone else considers an improvement, t Line 176  someone else considers an improvement, t
176  </p>  </p>
177    
178  <p>  <p>
179  However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
180  don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or  if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
181  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that &ldquo;if  versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
182  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in  Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
183  that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that  name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
184  such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version  modifications as yours.  As long as these requirements are not so
185  at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for  burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
186  versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also  changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
187  acceptable for the license to require that you identify  the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
188  your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified  </p>
189  version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send  
190  one.  <p>
191    A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
192    which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
193    effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
194    can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
195    sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's an suitable aliasing
196    facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
197    alias for the modified version.</p>
198    
199    <p>
200    Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
201    must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
202    on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one
203    saying that if you have distributed a
204    modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
205    must send one.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
206    whether to distribute your version at all.)  Rules that require release
207    of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
208    are also acceptable.
209  </p>  </p>
210    
211  <p>  <p>
212  In the GNU project, we use  In the GNU project, we use
213  &ldquo;<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>&rdquo;  <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
214  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
215  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
216  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
217  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
218  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically  but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
219  ethical.  ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate to each other.)
 </p>  
   
 <p>  
 See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>  
 for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo;  
 and other categories of software relate to each other.  
220  </p>  </p>
221    
222  <p>  <p>
# Line 278  manuals are in effect part of the softwa Line 309  manuals are in effect part of the softwa
309  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
310  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
311  such as educational works and reference  such as educational works and reference
312  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
313  example.  example.
314  </p>  </p>
315    
# Line 292  free cultural works</a> applicable to an Line 323  free cultural works</a> applicable to an
323    
324  <p>  <p>
325  Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean  Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
326  something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;  We  something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;.  We
327  prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that  prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
328  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
329  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
# Line 301  never refers to freedom</a>. Line 332  never refers to freedom</a>.
332    
333  <h2 id="History">History</h2>  <h2 id="History">History</h2>
334    
335  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
336  clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with  the list of changes, along with links to show exactly what was
337  links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review  changed.</p>
 them if they like.</p>  
338    
339  <ul>  <ul>
340    
341    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
342    1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
343    retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable.  The copyright
344    holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
345    work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
346    
347    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
348    1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
349    (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
350    version for your computing.</li>
351    
352  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
353  1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>  1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
354    
# Line 380  versions you distribute to the author.</ Line 421  versions you distribute to the author.</
421    
422  </ul>  </ul>
423    
424  <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other  <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
425  changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.  other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such.
426  Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would  These changes are in other parts of the page.  You can review the
427  like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on  complete list of changes to the page through
428  our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb  the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
429  interface</a>.</p>  interface</a>.</p>
430    
431  </div>  </div>
# Line 411  translations of this article. Line 452  translations of this article.
452  </p>  </p>
453    
454  <p>  <p>
455  Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,  Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
456  2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
457  </p>  </p>
458  <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
459  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is  href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
460  preserved.  Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
461  </p>  </p>
462    
463  <p>  <p>
# Line 427  $Date$ Line 468  $Date$
468  </p>  </p>
469  </div>  </div>
470    
471  <div id="translations">  <!-- <div id="translations"> -->
472  <h4>Translations of this page</h4>  <!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
473    <!--  -->
474  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
475  <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->  <!--      Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
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477  <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->  <!--      If you add a new language here, please -->
478  <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->  <!--      advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
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480  <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->  <!--       - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
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490  <!-- Afrikaans -->  <!-- Afrikaans -->
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523  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li> -->
524  <!-- Hebrew -->  <!-- Hebrew -->
525  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li> -->
526  <!-- Croatian -->  <!-- Croatian -->
527  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li> -->
528  <!-- Hungarian -->  <!-- Hungarian -->
529  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li> -->
530  <!-- Indonesian -->  <!-- Indonesian -->
531  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li> -->
532  <!-- Italian -->  <!-- Italian -->
533  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li> -->
534  <!-- Japanese -->  <!-- Japanese -->
535  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li> -->
536  <!-- Korean -->  <!-- Korean -->
537  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li> -->
538  <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->  <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
539  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li> -->
540  <!-- Dutch -->  <!-- Dutch -->
541  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li> -->
542  <!-- Polish -->  <!-- Polish -->
543  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li> -->
544  <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->  <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
545  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li> -->
546  <!-- Romanian -->  <!-- Romanian -->
547  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li> -->
548  <!-- Russian -->  <!-- Russian -->
549  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li> -->
550  <!-- Slovak -->  <!-- Slovak -->
551  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li> -->
552  <!--- Slovenian -->  <!-- - Slovenian -->
553  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li> -->
554  <!-- Serbian -->  <!-- Serbian -->
555  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li> -->
556  <!-- Swedish -->  <!-- Swedish -->
557  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li> -->
558  <!-- Tamil -->  <!-- Tamil -->
559  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li> -->
560  <!-- Tagalog -->  <!-- Tagalog -->
561  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li> -->
562  <!-- Turkish -->  <!-- Turkish -->
563  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li> -->
564  <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->  <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
565  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li> -->
566  <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->  <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
567  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>  <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li> -->
568  </ul>  <!-- </ul> -->
569  </div>  <!-- </div> -->
570    
571  </div>  </div>
572    
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