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  <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
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-   <a href="http://www.defectivebydesign.org/join/gnu"><img src="/graphics/dbd.png" alt="[Join the FSF Campaign to Eliminate DRM]" /></a>
- </div>
- <hr />
- <p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
+ <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
- <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
  <p>
- <a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] " width="160" height="200" /></a>
+ We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+ true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+ software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+ If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+ the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
  </p>
  <p>
- We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+ <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
- true about a particular software program for it to be considered
+ the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
- free software.</p>
+ not as in <q>free beer.</q>
+ </p>
  <p>
- ``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the
+ Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
- concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in
+ study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it means that the
- ``free beer.''</p>
+ program's users have the four essential freedoms:
- <p>
+ </p>
- Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,
- distribute, study, change and improve the software.  More precisely,
- it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:</p>
  <ul>
    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
-   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs
+   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make
-       (freedom 1).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
+       it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+       precondition for this.
+   </li>
    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
-       (freedom 2).</li>
+       (freedom 2).
+   </li>
    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
-      to the public, so that the whole community benefits
+       (and modified versions in general)
-       (freedom 3).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
+       to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
+       Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+   </li>
  </ul>
  <p>
- A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.
+ A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
- Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or
+ you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
- without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for
+ modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
- distribution, to <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being
+ <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
- free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not
+ things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
- have to ask or pay for permission.</p>
+ for permission to do so.
+ </p>
  <p>
  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
- notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.</p>
+ notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+ </p>
  <p>
- The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person
+ The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
- or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind
+ or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
- of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently
+ overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
- with the developer or any other specific entity.</p>
+ with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
+ the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
+ purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
+ and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+ for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+ </p>
  <p>
  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
- unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is
+ unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
- necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is
+ for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there
- ok if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a
+ is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
- certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but
+ (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
- you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find
+ freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
- or develop a way to make them.</p>
+ make them.
- <p>
+ </p>
- In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
- versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
+ <p>
- the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
+ In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
- condition for free software.</p>
+ freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+ access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
+ source code is a necessary condition for free software.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+ the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+ run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash;
+ a practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or (through
+ blacklisting) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a
+ theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.  This is not
+ sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not free software
+ even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
+ </p>
  <p>
  One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
  subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
- cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be
+ cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module &mdash; for instance, if it
- the copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too
+ requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add &mdash; then the
- restrictive to qualify as free.</p>
+ license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
- <p>
+ </p>
- In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
- long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
+ <p>
- power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give
+ In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
- cause, the software is not free.</p>
+ irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+ software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+ its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+ software is not free.
+ </p>
  <p>
  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
- the central freedoms; rather it protects them.</p>
+ the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+ </p>
  <p>
- You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you
+ <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>noncommercial.</q>  A free
- may have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got
+ program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
- your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the
+ and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
- software, even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.</p>
+ is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
- <p>
+ You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
- ``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''.  A free program
+ obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
- must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and
+ you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
- commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software is
+ <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
- no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.</p>
- <p>
- Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
- don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions,
- or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules
- that ``if you make your version available in this way, you must make
- it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the same
- condition.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
- whether to publish your version at all.)  Rules that require release
- of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
- are also acceptable.  It is also acceptable for the license to require
- that, if you have distributed a modified version and a previous
- developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one, or that you
- identify yourself on your modifications.
  </p>
+ <p>
+ Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+ If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+ someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
+ don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
+ your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
+ you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
+ that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
+ such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
+ at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
+ versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
+ acceptable for the license to require that you identify
+ your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified
+ version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send
+ one.
+ </p>
  <p>
- In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">``copyleft''</a>
+ In the GNU project, we use
- to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
+ <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
+ to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
- free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are
+ free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
- important reasons why <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is
+ <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
- better to use copyleft</a>, but if your program is non-copylefted free
+ but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
- software, we can still use it.</p>
+ ethical.
+ </p>
  <p>
  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
- for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and
+ for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
- other categories of software relate to each other.</p>
+ and other categories of software relate to each other.
+ </p>
  <p>
- Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control
+ Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
- regulations</a> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to
+ and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
- distribute copies of programs internationally.  Software developers do
+ programs internationally.  Software developers do not have the power to
- not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but
+ eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
- what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of
+ is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
- use of the program.  In this way, the restrictions will not affect
+ way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
- activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.</p>
+ jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
- <p>
+ must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
- Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are
+ any of the essential freedoms.
- limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.
+ </p>
- If a copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described
- above, it is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never
+ <p>
- anticipated (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some
+ Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
- free software licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can
+ on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a
- impose a much larger range of possible restrictions.  That means there
+ copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
- are many possible ways such a license could be unacceptably
+ is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
- restrictive and non-free.</p>
+ (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
+ licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+ range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
+ such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
+ </p>
  <p>
  We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen.  If a
  contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
  copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
- legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably
+ legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
- conclude it is non-free.</p>
+ it is nonfree.
+ </p>
  <p>
- When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like
+ When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
- ``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the
+ like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
- issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such as
+ the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
- ``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
+ as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
- <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases
+ <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
- that are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.
+ are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
- We also have a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations
+ a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
- of "free software"</a> into various languages.</p>
+ <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
+ </p>
  <p>
  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
- definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To
+ definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide
- decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free
+ whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
- software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine
+ we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
- whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words.  If a
+ spirit as well as the precise words.  If a license includes unconscionable
- license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we
+ restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
- did not anticipate the issue in these criteria.  Sometimes a license
+ in these criteria.  Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
- requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought,
+ that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
- including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the
+ before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable.  When we reach
- requirement is acceptable.  When we reach a conclusion about a new
+ a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
- issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why
+ it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
- certain licenses do or don't qualify.</p>
+ </p>
- <p>
- If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a
+ <p>
- free software license, see our <a
+ If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
- href="/licenses/license-list.html">list of licenses</a>.  If the
+ software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
- license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us
+ of licenses</a>.  If the license you are concerned with is not
- about it by sending us email at <a
+ listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
- href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p> <p>
+ <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
- If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
+ </p>
- by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free
- software licenses means increased work for users in understanding the
+ <p>
- licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software
+ If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
- license that meets your needs.
+ Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
+ proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
+ for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
+ find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
  </p>
  <p>
  If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
- help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
+ help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
  and avoid various practical problems.
  </p>
- <hr />
+ <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+ <p>
+ <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
+ for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+ manuals are in effect part of the software.
+ </p>
  <p>
- Another group has started using the term "open source" to mean
+ The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
- something close (but not identical) to "free software".  We prefer the
+ practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
- term "free software" because, once you have heard it refers to freedom
+ such as educational works and reference
- rather than price, <a href="free-software-for-freedom.html">it calls
+ works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
- to mind freedom</a>.  The word "open" never does that.</p>
+ example.
+ </p>
- <hr />
+ <p>
- <h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
+ Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
+ has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
+ free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
+ </p>
+ <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
- <!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    -->
+ <p>
- <!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     -->
+ Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
- <!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+ something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We
- <!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+ prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
- <!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+ it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
+ word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+ never refers to freedom</a>.
+ </p>
- <div class="translations">
+ <h2 id="History">History</h2>
- <p><a id="translations"></a>
- <b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
- <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+ <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
- <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+ clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
- <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+ links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
- <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
+ them if they like.</p>
- <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
- <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
- <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
- <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
- <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
- <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
- <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
- <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
- [
-   <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a> |<!-- Arabic -->
-   <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>       <!-- Catalan -->
- <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+ <ul>
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>
- <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>
+.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+ i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
+.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+ unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+ replacement.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
+.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+ in some places but not reflected everywhere:
+ <ul>
+ <li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+ substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
+ Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+ <li>The right to merge in existing modules
+ refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
+ <li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
+ <li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
+.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
+.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
+ the program for any purpose.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
+.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
+.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
+ available free software to create your modifications.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
+.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+ provide source for versions of the software you put into public
+ use.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
+.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+ identify yourself as the author of modifications.  Other minor
+ clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
+.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
+ licenses.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
+.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
+.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+ versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+ changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+ Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
+ like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+ our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
+ interface</a>.</p>
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>        <!-- Czech -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>       <!-- Danish -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>     <!-- German -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">Ελληνικά</a>  <!--Greek-->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>      <!-- Spanish -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>
- <!-- Persian/Farsi -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>     <!-- French -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>      <!-- Galician -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>    <!-- Hebrew -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a>    <!-- Croatian -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>    <!-- Indonesian -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a>    <!-- Italian -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>    <!-- Japanese -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>    <!-- Korean -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>      <!-- Hungarian -->
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- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>      <!-- Polish -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portugu&#x0ea;s</a>     <!-- Portuguese -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>        <!-- Romanian -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a> <!-- Russian -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>   <!--- Slovenian -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a> <!-- Serbian -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>     <!-- Tagalog -->
- | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>        <!-- Turkish -->
- ]
- </p>
  </div>
- <div class="copyright">
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
- <p>
- Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
+ <div id="footer">
- </p>
  <p>
  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
- <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
+ <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
- There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
+ There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
  the FSF.
  <br />
- Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
+ Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
- <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
+ <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 307 
 translations of this article.
+Line 388 
 translations of this article.
  </p>
  <p>
- Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free
+ Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
- Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
+, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-,  USA
+ </p>
- <br />
+ <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
- Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
  preserved.
  </p>
-Line 319 
 preserved.
+Line 399 
 preserved.
  <p>
  Updated:
  <!-- timestamp start -->
- $Date$ $Author$
+ $Date$
  <!-- timestamp end -->
  </p>
  </div>
+ <div id="translations">
+ <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+ <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+ <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+ <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+ <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
+ <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
+ <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+ <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+ <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+ <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+ <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+ <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+ <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+ <ul class="translations-list">
+ <!-- Afrikaans -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
+ <!-- Arabic -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
+ <!-- Azerbaijani -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
+ <!-- Bulgarian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
+ <!-- Bengali -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
+ <!-- Bosnian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
+ <!-- Catalan -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
+ <!-- Czech -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
+ <!-- Danish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
+ <!-- German -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
+ <!-- Greek -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x03b5;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
+ <!-- English -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
+ <!-- Esperanto -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
+ <!-- Spanish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
+ <!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>&nbsp;[fa]</li>
+ <!-- French -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
+ <!-- Galician -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
+ <!-- Hebrew -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>
+ <!-- Croatian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>
+ <!-- Hungarian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
+ <!-- Indonesian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>
+ <!-- Italian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
+ <!-- Japanese -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
+ <!-- Korean -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
+ <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>
+ <!-- Dutch -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>
+ <!-- Polish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
+ <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
+ <!-- Romanian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
+ <!-- Russian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
+ <!-- Slovak -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li>
+ <!--- Slovenian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
+ <!-- Serbian -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
+ <!-- Swedish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
+ <!-- Tamil -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
+ <!-- Tagalog -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
+ <!-- Turkish -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
+ <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
+ <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
+ </ul>
+ </div>
+ </div>
  </body>
  </html>

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