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<H3>The Free Software Definition</H3> |
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We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be |
<title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title> |
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true about a particular software program for it to be considered |
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free software. |
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" /> |
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<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." /> |
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<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" /> |
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<P> |
<h2>The Free Software Definition</h2> |
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``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the |
<p> |
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concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in |
We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be |
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``free beer.'' |
true about a particular software program for it to be considered free |
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<P> |
software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it. |
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Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, |
If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see |
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distribute, study, change and improve the software. More precisely, |
the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information. |
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it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software: |
</p> |
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<P> |
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<p> |
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<UL> |
<q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand |
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<LI>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). |
the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q> |
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<LI>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs |
not as in <q>free beer.</q> |
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(freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. |
</p> |
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<LI>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
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<p> |
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Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, |
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study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the |
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program's users have the four essential freedoms: |
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</p> |
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<ul> |
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<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
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<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make |
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it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a |
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precondition for this. |
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</li> |
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<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
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(freedom 2). |
(freedom 2). |
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<LI>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements |
</li> |
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to the public, so that the whole community benefits. |
<li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements |
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(freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. |
(and modified versions in general) |
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</UL> |
to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3). |
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Access to the source code is a precondition for this. |
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<P> |
</li> |
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A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. |
</ul> |
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Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or |
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without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for |
<p> |
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distribution, to <A HREF="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</A>. Being |
A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, |
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free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not |
you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without |
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have to ask or pay for permission. |
modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to |
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<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these |
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things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay |
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for permission to do so. |
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</p> |
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<P> |
<p> |
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You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them |
You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them |
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privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they |
privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they |
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exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to |
exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to |
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notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way. |
notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way. |
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</p> |
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<P> |
<p> |
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The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person |
The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person |
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or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind |
or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of |
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of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently |
overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it |
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with the developer or any other specific entity. |
with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is |
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the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em> |
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purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, |
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and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it |
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for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her. |
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</p> |
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<P> |
<p> |
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The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable |
The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable |
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forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and |
forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and |
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unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is |
unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary |
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necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is |
for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there |
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ok if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a |
is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program |
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certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but |
(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the |
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you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find |
freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to |
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or develop a way to make them. |
make them. |
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</p> |
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<P> |
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In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved |
<p> |
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versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of |
In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the |
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the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary |
freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have |
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condition for free software. |
access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of |
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source code is a necessary condition for free software. |
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<P> |
</p> |
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In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as |
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long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the |
<p> |
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power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give |
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
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cause, the software is not free. |
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
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run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — |
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a practice known as “tivoization” or (through |
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blacklisting) as “secure boot” — freedom 1 becomes a |
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theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. This is not |
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sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free software |
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even if the source code they are compiled from is free. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free |
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subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you |
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cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it |
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requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the |
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license is too restrictive to qualify as free. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
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irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
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software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change |
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its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the |
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software is not free. |
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</p> |
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<P> |
<p> |
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However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free |
However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free |
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software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central |
software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central |
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freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that |
freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that |
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when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny |
when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny |
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other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with |
other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with |
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the central freedoms; rather it protects them. |
the central freedoms; rather it protects them. |
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</p> |
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<P> |
<p> |
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Thus, you may have paid money to get copies of GNU software, or you |
<q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>noncommercial.</q> A free |
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may have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got |
program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
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your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the |
and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
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software, even to <A HREF="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</A>. |
is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
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<P> |
You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have |
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obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, |
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``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''. A free program |
you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to |
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must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and |
<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>. |
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commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software is |
</p> |
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no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
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<p> |
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<P> |
Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. |
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Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they |
If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that |
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don't effectively block your freedom to release modified versions. |
someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom. |
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Rules that ``if you make the program available in this way, you must |
</p> |
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make it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the |
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same condition. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of |
<p> |
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whether to publish the program or not.) It is also acceptable for the |
However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they |
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license to require that, if you have distributed a modified version |
don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or |
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and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one. |
your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that <q>if |
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you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in |
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<P> |
that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition. (Note that |
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In the GNU project, we use <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html"> |
such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version |
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``copyleft''</A> to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
at all.) Rules that require release of source code to the users for |
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<A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware"> |
versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It is also |
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non-copylefted free software</A> also exists. We believe there are |
acceptable for the license to require that you identify |
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important reasons why <A HREF="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is |
your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified |
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better to use copyleft</A>, but if your program is non-copylefted free |
version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send |
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software, we can still use it. |
one. |
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</p> |
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<P> |
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See <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software |
<p> |
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(18k characters)</A> |
In the GNU project, we use |
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for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and |
<q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q> |
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other categories of software relate to each other. |
to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
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<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted |
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<P> |
free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why |
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Sometimes government <A NAME="exportcontrol">export control |
<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>, |
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regulations</A> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to |
but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically |
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distribute copies of programs internationally. Software developers do |
ethical. |
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not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but |
</p> |
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what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of |
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use of the program. In this way, the restrictions will not affect |
<p> |
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activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments. |
See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> |
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for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q> |
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<P> |
and other categories of software relate to each other. |
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When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like |
</p> |
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``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the |
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issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such as |
<p> |
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``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See <A |
Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a> |
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HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases |
and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of |
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that are Worth Avoiding</A> for a discussion of these terms. |
programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to |
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We also have a list of <A HREF="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations |
eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do |
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of "free software"</A> into various languages. |
is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
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way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
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<P> |
jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
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must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of |
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any of the essential freedoms. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits |
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on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a |
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copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it |
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is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated |
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(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software |
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licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger |
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range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways |
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such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a |
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contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that |
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copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as |
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legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude |
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it is nonfree. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms |
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like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that |
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the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such |
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as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See |
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<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that |
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are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have |
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a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of |
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<q>free software</q></a> into various languages. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software |
Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software |
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definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To |
definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide |
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decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free |
whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, |
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software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine |
we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their |
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whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words. If a |
spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable |
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license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we |
restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue |
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did not anticipate the issue in these criteria. Sometimes a license |
in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue |
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requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought, |
that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer, |
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including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the |
before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach |
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requirement is acceptable. When we reach a conclusion about a new |
a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make |
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issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why |
it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify. |
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certain licenses do or don't qualify. |
</p> |
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<P> |
<p> |
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If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free |
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If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a |
software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list |
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free software license, see our <A |
of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not |
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HREF="/licenses/license-list.html">list of licenses</A>. If the |
listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at |
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license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us |
<a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org"><licensing@gnu.org></a>. |
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about it by sending us email at <A |
</p> |
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HREF="mailto:licensing@gnu.org"><licensing@gnu.org></A>. |
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<p> |
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<HR> |
If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the |
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Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The |
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<H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4> |
proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work |
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for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you |
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<P> |
find an existing free software license that meets your needs. |
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Another group has started using the term "open source" to mean |
</p> |
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something close (but not identical) to "free software". We prefer the |
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term "free software" because, once you have heard it refers to freedom |
<p> |
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rather than price, <A HREF="free-software-for-freedom.html">it calls |
If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our |
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to mind freedom</A>. |
help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license |
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and avoid various practical problems. |
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<HR> |
</p> |
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[ |
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<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical --> |
<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2> |
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<A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Croatian</A> |
<p> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Czech</A> |
<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Danish</A> |
for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Dutch</A> |
manuals are in effect part of the software. |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</A> |
</p> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">French</A> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galician</A> |
<p> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">German</A> |
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Hungarian</A> |
practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Indonesian</A> |
such as educational works and reference |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italian</A> |
works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known |
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example. |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">Korean</A> |
</p> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norwegian</A> |
|
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polish</A> |
<p> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portuguese</A> |
Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">Russian</A> |
has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/"> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovenian</A> |
free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Spanish</A> |
</p> |
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| <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Turkish</A> |
|
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<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2> |
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<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! --> |
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] |
<p> |
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<P> |
Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean |
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Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>. |
something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q> We |
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<P> |
prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that |
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|
it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
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Please send FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to |
word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
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|
never refers to freedom</a>. |
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<A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>. |
</p> |
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There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to |
|
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contact</A> the FSF. |
<h2 id="History">History</h2> |
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<P> |
|
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|
<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to |
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Please send comments on these web pages to |
clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with |
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|
links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review |
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<A HREF="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><EM>webmasters@gnu.org</EM></A>, |
them if they like.</p> |
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send other questions to |
|
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<A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>. |
<ul> |
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<P> |
|
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Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc., |
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version |
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59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111, USA |
1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; |
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<P> |
i.e., no tivoization.</li> |
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Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is |
|
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permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved. |
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version |
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<P> |
1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are |
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|
unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete |
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|
replacement.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version |
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|
1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated |
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|
in some places but not reflected everywhere: |
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<ul> |
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<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can |
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substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release. |
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Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li> |
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|
<li>The right to merge in existing modules |
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|
refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li> |
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|
<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li> |
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|
<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li> |
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</ul> |
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</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version |
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|
1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version |
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|
1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run |
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|
the program for any purpose.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version |
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|
1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version |
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|
1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other |
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|
available free software to create your modifications.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version |
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|
1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to |
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|
provide source for versions of the software you put into public |
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|
use.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version |
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|
1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to |
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|
identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor |
| 345 |
|
clarifications throughout the text.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version |
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|
1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based |
| 349 |
|
licenses.</li> |
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|
|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version |
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|
1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li> |
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|
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|
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version |
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|
1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of |
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|
versions you distribute to the author.</li> |
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|
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</ul> |
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|
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<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other |
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|
changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all. |
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|
Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would |
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|
like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on |
| 364 |
|
our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
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|
interface</a>.</p> |
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|
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</div> |
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|
|
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|
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> |
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<div id="footer"> |
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<p> |
| 374 |
|
Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to |
| 375 |
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<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. |
| 376 |
|
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
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the FSF. |
| 378 |
|
<br /> |
| 379 |
|
Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to |
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<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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|
Please see the |
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|
<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
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README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting |
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translations of this article. |
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</p> |
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|
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|
<p> |
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|
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, |
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2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
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</p> |
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<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is |
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permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is |
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preserved. |
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</p> |
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|
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<p> |
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Updated: |
Updated: |
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<h4>Translations of this page</h4> |
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