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-revision 1.74 by rms,
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+revision 1.131 by rms,
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+ <!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
- <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+ <title>What is free software?
+ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
- <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
- <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
- <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
+ <h2>What is free software?</h2>
+ <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+ <blockquote>
  <p>
- We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+ The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
- true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+ particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
- software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+ time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
- If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+ about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
- the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
+ below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+ software.
  </p>
+ </blockquote>
  <p>
- <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
- the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
+ freedom and community.  Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
- not as in <q>free beer.</q>
+ freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
+ software</b>.  Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of
+ liberty, not price.  To understand the concept, you should think of
+ &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in
+ &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.
  </p>
  <p>
- Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+ We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them.  With
- study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it refers to
+ these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
- four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:
+ the program and what it does for them.  When users don't control the
+ program, we call it a &ldquo;nonfree&rdquo; or
+ &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program.  The nonfree program controls the
+ users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
+ program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+ an instrument of unjust power</a>.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A program is free software if the program's users have the
+ four essential freedoms:
  </p>
  <ul>
    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
-   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
+   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
-       your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
+       does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
-       for this.
+       code is a precondition for this.
    </li>
    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
        (freedom 2).
    </li>
-   <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
+   <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
-       (and modified versions in general)
+       to others (freedom 3).  By doing this you can give the whole
-       to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
+       community a chance to benefit from your changes.
        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
    </li>
  </ul>
  <p>
- A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
+ A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
- you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+ freedoms.  Otherwise, it is nonfree.  While we can distinguish various
- modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+ nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
+ being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
+ <p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes
+ specific freedoms adequate or not.</p>
+ <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
+ redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
+ gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
- for permission.
+ for permission to do so.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 69 
 or organization to use it on any kind of
+Line 96 
 or organization to use it on any kind of
  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
  the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
- purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,
+ purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
  and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
  for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
  </p>
-Line 78 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
+Line 105 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
- for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is ok if there
+ for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there
  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
  (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
  freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
-Line 86 
 make them.
+Line 113 
 make them.
  </p>
  <p>
- In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
+ In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
- versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
+ freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
- the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
+ access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
- condition for free software.
+ source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
+ &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
+ as source code.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+ the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+ run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
+ practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
+ or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
+ boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
+ than a practical freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other words,
+ these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+ compiled from is free.
  </p>
  <p>
  One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
  subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
- cannot merge in a suitably-licensed existing module, such as if it
+ cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module &mdash; for instance, if it
- requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add, then the
+ requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add &mdash; then the
  license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
  </p>
  <p>
- In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
+ Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
- long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
+ as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of
- power to revoke the license, or replace it with a different license
+ releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
- (since this implies revoking the old license),
+ a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a
- without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the software is not
+ license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
- free.
+ as a free license.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+ irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+ software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
+ restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
+ cause, the software is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 119 
 the central freedoms; rather it protects
+Line 168 
 the central freedoms; rather it protects
  </p>
  <p>
+ In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">
+ copyleft </a> to protect the four freedoms legally for everyone.  We
+ believe there are important reasons why
+ <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
+ copyleft</a>.  However,
+ <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
+ noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical
+ too.  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
+ Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo;
+ &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software
+ relate to each other.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.  A free
+ program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+ and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
+ is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
-Line 127 
 you always have the freedom to copy and
+Line 194 
 you always have the freedom to copy and
  <p>
  Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
- If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+ If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
- someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+ someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
- <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free
+ However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
- program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+ if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
- and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
+ versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
- is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+ Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+ name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+ modifications as yours.  As long as these requirements are not so
+ burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+ changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+ the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
  </p>
  <p>
- Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
+ Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
- don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or
+ must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
- your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
+ on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one
- you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
+ saying that if you have distributed a
- that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
- such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
- at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
- versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
- acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a
  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
- must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.
+ must send one.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+ whether to distribute your version at all.)  Rules that require release
+ of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+ are also acceptable.
  </p>
  <p>
- In the GNU project, we use
+ A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
- <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
+ which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
- to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
+ effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
- <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
+ can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
- free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
+ sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
- <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
+ facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
- but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still
+ alias for the modified version.</p>
- use it.
- </p>
- <p>
- See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
- for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
- and other categories of software relate to each other.
- </p>
  <p>
  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
-Line 177 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
+Line 239 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
- must not require obedience to any export regulations a condition of
+ must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
- any of the essential freedoms.
+ condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
+ them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
+ not restrict users.  If an export regulation is actually trivial for
+ free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
+ problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
+ export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
+ software nonfree.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
+ nonfree program.  Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
+ comply with the licenses of &ldquo;all the programs you use&rdquo;, in
+ the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
+ compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
+ license nonfree.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
+ law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 189 
 is unlikely to have some other sort of p
+Line 275 
 is unlikely to have some other sort of p
  (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
  licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
  range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
- such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.
+ such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 197 
 We can't possibly list all the ways that
+Line 283 
 We can't possibly list all the ways that
  contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
  copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
  legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
- it is non-free.
+ it is nonfree.
  </p>
  <p>
  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
- like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
+ like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
  the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
- as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
+ as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
  <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
  are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
- a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+ a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
- <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
+ &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 234 
 listed there, you can ask us about it by
+Line 320 
 listed there, you can ask us about it by
  </p>
  <p>
- If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
+ If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
- by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software
+ Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
- licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;
+ proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
- we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that
+ for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
- meets your needs.
+ find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
  </p>
  <p>
  If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
- help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
+ help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
  and avoid various practical problems.
  </p>
- <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+ <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
  <p>
  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
-Line 259 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
+Line 345 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
  such as educational works and reference
- works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
+ works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
  example.
  </p>
-Line 269 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
+Line 355 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
  </p>
- <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+ <h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
  <p>
- Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
+ Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
- something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We
+ something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;.  We
- prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
+ prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
- word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+ word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
  never refers to freedom</a>.
  </p>
- <h2 id="History">History</h2>
+ <h3 id="History">History</h3>
- <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+ <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
- clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+ the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
- links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+ was changed.</p>
- them if they like.</p>
  <ul>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.130&amp;r2=1.131">Version
+.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
+ of another program.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.128&amp;r2=1.129">Version
+.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
+ specifications are allowed.  (This was always our policy.)</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
+.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
+ requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.117&amp;r2=1.118">Version
+.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
+ not on what modifications you have made.  And modifications are not limited
+ to &ldquo;improvements&rdquo;</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
+.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
+ retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable.  The copyright
+ holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
+ work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
+.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+ (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+ version for your computing.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
+.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
+.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+ of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+ in someone else's development project.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version
+.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+ free software.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
+.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+ i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
+.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+ unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+ replacement.</li>
  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
-.74</a>: Three clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
  in some places but not reflected everywhere:
  <ul>
  <li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
-Line 299 
 Freedom 3 includes distributing modified
+Line 433 
 Freedom 3 includes distributing modified
  <li>The right to merge in existing modules
  refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
  <li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
+ <li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
  </ul>
  </li>
-Line 339 
 versions you distribute to the author.</
+Line 474 
 versions you distribute to the author.</
  </ul>
- <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+ <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
- changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+ other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
- Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
+ interpretations.  For instance, the list does not include changes in
- like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+ asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
- our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
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- </div>
+ </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
  <div id="footer">
- <p>
+ <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
- Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+ <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
- <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
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- There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
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- Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+ <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
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+         replace it with the translation of these two:
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- Please see the
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+ <p>Updated:
- Updated:
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- <div id="translations">
- <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
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- <!-- Bengali -->
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- <!-- Bosnian -->
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- <!-- Catalan -->
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- <!-- English -->
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- <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
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- <!-- Romanian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
- <!-- Russian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
- <!--- Slovenian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
- <!-- Serbian -->
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- <!-- Swedish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">Svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
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- <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
- <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
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