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 <H3>The Free Software Definition</H3>  
   
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2    
3  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be  <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
4  true about a particular software program for it to be considered  
5  free software.  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
6    <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
7    <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
8    <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
9    
10    <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
11    
12  <P>  <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
13    
14  ``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the  <p>
15  concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must
16  ``free beer.''  be true about a particular software program for it to be considered
17  <P>  free software.
18  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,  </p>
19  distribute, study, change and improve the software.  More precisely,  
20  it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:  <p>
21  <P>  <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
22    the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
23  <UL>  not as in <q>free beer.</q>
24    <LI>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).  </p>
25    <LI>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs  
26        (freedom 1).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.  <p>
27    <LI>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
28    study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it refers to
29    four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:
30    </p>
31    
32    <ul>
33      <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
34      <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
35          your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
36          for this.
37      </li>
38      <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
39        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
40    <LI>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements    </li>
41       to the public, so that the whole community benefits.    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
42        (freedom 3).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
43  </UL>        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
44      </li>
45  <P>  </ul>
46  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  
47  Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or  <p>
48  without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
49  distribution, to <A HREF="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</A>.  Being  you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
50  free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
51  have to ask or pay for permission.  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
52    things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
53    for permission.
54    </p>
55    
56  <P>  <p>
57  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
58  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
59  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
60  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
61    </p>
62    
63  <P>  <p>
64  The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person  The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
65  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
66  of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
67  with the developer or any other specific entity.  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
68    the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
69    purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,
70    and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
71    for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
72    </p>
73    
74  <P>  <p>
75  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
76  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
77  unmodified versions.  It is ok if there is no way to produce a binary  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
78  or executable form, but people must have the freedom to redistribute  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is ok if there
79  such forms should they find a way to make them.  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
80    (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
81    freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
82    make them.
83    </p>
84    
85  <P>  <p>
86  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
87  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
88  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
89  condition for free software.  condition for free software.
90    </p>
91    
92    <p>
93    One important way to modify a program is by merging in available
94    free subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
95    cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the
96    copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive
97    to qualify as free.
98    </p>
99    
100  <P>  <p>
101  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
102  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
103  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause,
104  cause, the software is not free.  the software is not free.
105    </p>
106    
107  <P>  <p>
108  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
109  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
110  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
111  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
112  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
113  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
114    </p>
115    
116  <P>  <p>
117  Thus, you may have paid money to get copies of GNU software, or you  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
118  may have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
119  your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
120  software, even to <A HREF="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</A>.  <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
121    </p>
122  <P>  
123  ``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''.  A free program  <p>
124  must be available for commercial use.  Commercial development of free  <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free
125  software is no longer unusual; such programs are free commercial  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
126  software.  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
127    is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
128    </p>
129    
130  <P>  <p>
131  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
132  don't effectively block your freedom to release modified versions.  don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or
133  Rules that ``if you make the program available in this way, you must  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
134  make it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
135  same condition.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of  that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
136  whether to publish the program or not.)  such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
137    at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
138  <P>  versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
139  In the GNU project, we use <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">  acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a
140  ``copyleft''</A> to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
141  <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">  must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.
142  non-copylefted free software</A> also exists.  We believe there are  </p>
143  important reasons why <A HREF="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is  
144  better to use copyleft</A>, but if your program is non-copylefted free  <p>
145  software, we can still use it.  In the GNU project, we use
146    <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
147  <P>  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
148  See <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
149         (18k characters)</A>  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
150  for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
151  other categories of software relate to each other.  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still
152    use it.
153  <P>  </p>
154  Sometimes government <A NAME="exportcontrol">export control  
155  regulations</A> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to  <p>
156  distribute copies of programs internationally.  Software developers do  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
157  not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but  for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
158  what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of  and other categories of software relate to each other.
159  use of the program.  In this way, the restrictions will not affect  </p>
160  activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.  
161    <p>
162  <P>  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
163  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like  and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
164  ``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the  programs internationally.  Software developers do not have the power to
165  issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such as  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
166  ``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See <A  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
167  HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
168  that are Worth Avoiding</A> for a discussion of these terms.  jurisdictions of these governments.
169  We also have a list of <A HREF="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations  </p>
170  of "free software"</A> into various languages.  
171    <p>
172  <P>  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
173    on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a
174    copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
175    is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
176    (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
177    licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
178    range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
179    such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.
180    </p>
181    
182    <p>
183    We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen.  If a
184    contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
185    copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
186    legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
187    it is non-free.
188    </p>
189    
190    <p>
191    When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
192    like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
193    the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
194    as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
195    <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
196    are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
197    a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
198    <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
199    </p>
200    
201    <p>
202  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
203  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide
204  decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free  whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
205  software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine  we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
206  whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words.  If a  spirit as well as the precise words.  If a license includes unconscionable
207  license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we  restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
208  did not anticipate the issue in these criteria.  Sometimes a license  in these criteria.  Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
209  requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought before we  that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
210  can decide if the requirement is acceptable, including discussions  before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable.  When we reach
211  with a lawyer.  When we reach a conclusion, we sometimes update these  a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
212  criteria to make it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't  it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
213  qualify.  </p>
214    
215  <P>  <p>
216    If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
217  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a  software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
218  free software license, see our <A  of licenses</a>.  If the license you are concerned with is not
219  HREF="/philosophy/license-list.html"> list of licenses </A>.  If the  listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
220  license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us  <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
221  about it by sending us email at <A  </p>
222  HREF="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</A>.  
223    <p>
224  <HR>  If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
225    by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software
226  <H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>  licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;
227    we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that
228  <P>  meets your needs.
229  Another group has started using the term <A  </p>
230  HREF="free-software-for-freedom.html"> open source</A> to mean  
231  something close (but not identical) to "free software".  <p>
232    If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
233  <HR>  help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
234    and avoid various practical problems.
235  Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.  </p>
236  <P>  
237  FSF &amp; GNU inquiries &amp; questions to  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
238  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  
239  Other <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</A> the FSF.  <p>
240  <P>  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
241  Comments on these web pages to  for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
242  <A HREF="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><EM>webmasters@www.gnu.org</EM></A>,  manuals are in effect part of the software.
243  send other questions to  </p>
244  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  
245  <P>  <p>
246  Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
247  59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111,  USA  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
248  <P>  such as educational works and reference
249  Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
250  permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.<P>  example.
251    </p>
252    
253    <p>
254    Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
255    has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
256    free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
257    </p>
258    
259    <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
260    
261    <p>
262    Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
263    something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We
264    prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
265    it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
266    word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
267    never refers to freedom</a>.
268    </p>
269    
270    </div>
271    
272    
273    <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
274    
275    <div id="footer">
276    
277    <p>
278    Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
279    <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
280    There are also <a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html">other ways to contact</a>
281    the FSF.
282    <br />
283    Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
284    <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
285    </p>
286    
287    <p>
288    Please see the
289    <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
290    README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
291    translations of this article.
292    </p>
293    
294    <p>
295    Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
296    2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
297    </p>
298    <address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
299    <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
300    permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
301    preserved.
302    </p>
303    
304    <p>
305  Updated:  Updated:
306  <!-- timestamp start -->  <!-- timestamp start -->
307  $Date$ $Author$  $Date$
308  <!-- timestamp end -->  <!-- timestamp end -->
309  <HR>  </p>
310  </BODY>  </div>
311  </HTML>  
312    <div id="translations">
313    <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
314    
315    <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
316    <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
317    <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
318    <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
319    <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
320    <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
321    <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
322    <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
323    <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
324    <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
325    <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
326    <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
327    <ul class="translations-list">
328    <!-- Afrikaans -->
329    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
330    <!-- Arabic -->
331    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
332    <!-- Azerbaijani -->
333    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
334    <!-- Bulgarian -->
335    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
336    <!-- Bengali -->
337    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
338    <!-- Bosnian -->
339    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">Bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
340    <!-- Catalan -->
341    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
342    <!-- Czech -->
343    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
344    <!-- Danish -->
345    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
346    <!-- German -->
347    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
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349    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x0395;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
350    <!-- English -->
351    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
352    <!-- Esperanto -->
353    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
354    <!-- Spanish -->
355    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
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358    <!-- French -->
359    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
360    <!-- Galician -->
361    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
362    <!-- Hebrew -->
363    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>
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365    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>
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367    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
368    <!-- Indonesian -->
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370    <!-- Italian -->
371    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
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373    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
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377    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>
378    <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
379    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">Norsk (Bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>
380    <!-- Polish -->
381    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
382    <!-- Portuguese -->
383    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portugu&#x0ea;s</a>&nbsp;[pt]</li>
384    <!-- Romanian -->
385    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
386    <!-- Russian -->
387    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
388    <!--- Slovenian -->
389    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
390    <!-- Serbian -->
391    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
392    <!-- Swedish -->
393    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">Svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
394    <!-- Tamil -->
395    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
396    <!-- Tagalog -->
397    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
398    <!-- Turkish -->
399    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
400    <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
401    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
402    <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
403    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
404    </ul>
405    </div>
406    
407    </div>
408    
409    </body>
410    </html>
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