What is Free Software?
+ + ++“Free software” means software that respects users' +freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the +freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the +software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of +liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of +“free” as in “free speech,” not as in +“free beer.” We sometimes call it “libre +software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for +“free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software +is gratis. +
-The Free Software Definition
++You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may +have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your +copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, +even to sell copies. +
+-We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must -be true about a particular software program for it to be considered -free software. +We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With +these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control +the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the +program, we call it a “nonfree” or +“proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the +users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the +program +an instrument of unjust power.
-Free software
is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
-the concept, you should think of free
as in free speech,
-not as in free beer.
+“Open source” is something different: it has a very
+different philosophy based on different values. Its practical
+definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
+in fact free. We explain the
+difference in
+Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software.
+
+
Table of contents
+-
+
- The Free Software Definition + + +
- Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree
+
-
+
- The freedom to run the program as you + wish +
- The freedom to study the source code and make + changes +
- The freedom to redistribute if you wish: + basic requirements +
- Copyleft +
- Rules about packaging and distribution + details +
- Export regulations +
- Legal considerations +
- Contract-based licenses +
+ - The Free Software Definition in Practice + + +
- Beyond Software +
- History +
+Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? +See our other licensing resources, +and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab +at licensing@fsf.org.
++
The Free Software Definition
+ ++The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a +particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to +time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions +about subtle issues. See the History section +below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free +software.
+The four essential freedoms
-Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, -study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it refers to -four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software: +A program is free software if the program's users have the +four essential freedoms: [1]
--
-
- The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). -
- The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
- your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
- for this.
+
-
+
- The freedom to run the program as you wish, + for any purpose (freedom 0). +
- The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it + does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source + code is a precondition for this. -
- The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor +
- The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2). -
- The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements - to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3). +
- The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions + to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole + community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
-A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, -you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without -modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to +A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these +freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various +nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of +being free, we consider them all equally unethical.
+ +In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code +we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of. For instance, +consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to +handle some cases. If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that +implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B +are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B, +only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.
+ + +Free software can be commercial
+ ++“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” +On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use, +commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is +of fundamental importance—without this, free software could not +achieve its aims. +
+ ++We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses +and their workers. That requires allowing commercial use. We hope +that free replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary +programs, but they can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use +them. We want commercial products that contain software to include +the GNU system, and that would constitute commercial distribution for +a price. Commercial development of free software is no longer +unusual; such free commercial software is very important. Paid, +professional support for free software fills an important need. +
+ ++Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial +distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its +path to success. We must conclude that a program licensed with such +restrictions does not qualify as free software. +
+ ++A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that +obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the +conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous +distribution of it. Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some +users, or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise +them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus +renders the program nonfree. +
+ + +Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree
+ +In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the +various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a +program to be free.
+ +The freedom to run the program as you wish
+ ++The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person +or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of +overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it +with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is +the user's purpose that matters, not the developer's +purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, +and if you distribute it to other people, they are then free to run it for +their purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on them. +
+ ++The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not +forbidden or stopped from making it run. This has nothing to do with what +functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of +functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any +particular computing activity.
+ +For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful +inputs—or even fails unconditionally—that may make the +program less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not +deny users the freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict +with freedom 0. If the program is free, the users can overcome the +loss of usefulness, because freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and +communities to make and distribute modified versions without the +arbitrary nuisance code.
+ +“As you wish” includes, optionally, “not at +all” if that is what you wish. So there is no need for a +separate “freedom not to run a program.”
+ +The freedom to study the source code and make changes
+ ++In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the +freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have +access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of +source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated +“source code” is not real source code and does not count +as source code. +
+ ++Source code is defined as the preferred form of the program for making +changes in. Thus, whatever form a developer changes to develop +the program is the source code of that developer's version. +
+ ++Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of +the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to +run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours—a +practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown,” +or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure +boot”—freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a +practical reality. These binaries are not free +software even if the source code they are compiled from is free. +
+ ++One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free +subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you +cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module—for instance, if it +requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add—then the +license is too restrictive to qualify as free. +
+ ++Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. +If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that +someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free. +
+ ++One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it +returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program. +Thus, freedom 1 includes the “freedom to delete the program.” +
+ +The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic +requirements
+ +Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to +redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either +gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to anyone anywhere. Being free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay -for permission. +for permission to do so.
@@ -61,113 +307,135 @@
-The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person -or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of -overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it -with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is -the user's purpose that matters, not the developer's -purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes, -and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it -for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her. +Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions +as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of +releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be +a copyleft license. However, a +license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify +as a free license.
The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary -for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is ok if there +for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to make them.
+Copyleft
+-In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved -versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of -the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary -condition for free software. +Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free +software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central +freedoms. For example, copyleft +(very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, +you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. +This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it +protects them.
-One important way to modify a program is by merging in available -free subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you -cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the -copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive -to qualify as free. +In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms +legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why +it is better to use +copyleft. However, + +noncopylefted free software is ethical +too. See Categories of Free +Software for a description of how “free software,” +“copylefted software” and other categories of software +relate to each other.
+Rules about packaging and distribution details
+-In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as -long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the -power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause, -the software is not free. +Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, +if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified +versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. +Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the +name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your +modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so +burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your +changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to +the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
-However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free -software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central -freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that -when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny -other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with -the central freedoms; rather it protects them. +Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you +must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too, +on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one +saying that if you have distributed a +modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you +must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of +whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release +of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use +are also acceptable.
-You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have -obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, -you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to -sell copies. -
+A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by +which the program will be invoked from other programs. That +effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it +can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This +sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing +facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an +alias for the modified version. + +Export regulations
-
Free software
does not meannon-commercial.
A free -program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, -and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software -is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. +Sometimes government export control regulations +and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of +programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to +eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do +is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this +way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the +jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses +must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a +condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.-Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they -don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or -your freedom to make and use modified versions privately. Rules that
+if -you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in -that way also
can be acceptable too, on the same condition. (Note that -such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version -at all.) Rules that require release of source code to the users for -versions that you put into public use are also acceptable. It is also -acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a -modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you -must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications. +Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making +them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does +not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for +free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual +problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in +export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the +software nonfree.Legal considerations
+-In the GNU project, we use -
copyleft
-to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But -non-copylefted -free software also exists. We believe there are important reasons why - it is better to use copyleft, -but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still -use it. +In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and +irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the +software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add +restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give +cause, the software is not free.-See Categories of Free Software -for a description of how
free software,
copylefted software
-and other categories of software relate to each other. +A free license may not require compliance with the license of a +nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to +comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use,” in +the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require +compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the +license nonfree.-Sometimes government export control regulations -and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of -programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to -eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do -is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this -way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the -jurisdictions of these governments. +It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's +law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
+Contract-based licenses
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a @@ -176,7 +444,7 @@ (though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways -such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free. +such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
@@ -184,22 +452,15 @@ contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude -it is non-free. +it is nonfree.
--When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms -like
+give away
orfor free,
because those terms imply that -the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such -aspiracy
embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See -Confusing Words and Phrases that -are Worth Avoiding for a discussion of these terms. We also have -a list of translations of -free software
into various languages. -The Free Software Definition in Practice
+ +How we interpret these criteria
-Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software +Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their @@ -212,6 +473,8 @@ it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+Get help with free licenses
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free software license, see our list @@ -221,20 +484,41 @@
-If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF -by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software -licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses; -we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that -meets your needs. +If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the +Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The +proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work +for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you +find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our -help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license +help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license and avoid various practical problems.
-Beyond Software
+Use the right words when talking about free software
+ ++When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms +like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that +the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such +as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See +Confusing Words and Phrases that +are Worth Avoiding for a discussion of these terms. We also have +a list of proper translations of +“free software” into various languages. +
+ ++Another group uses the term “open source” to mean +something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We +prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that +it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The +word “open” never refers to freedom. +
+ +Beyond Software
Software manuals must be free, @@ -244,9 +528,9 @@
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of -practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, +practical use—that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as educational works and reference -works. Wikipedia is the best known +works. Wikipedia is the best-known example.
@@ -256,153 +540,219 @@ free cultural works applicable to any kind of works. -Open Source?
- --Another group has started using the term
+open source
to mean -something close (but not identical) tofree software.
We -prefer the termfree software
because, once you have heard that -it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The -wordopen
-never refers to freedom. -History
-