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# Line 9  Line 9 
9    
10  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
11    
12  <h1>The Free Software Definition</h1>  <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
13    
14  <p>  <p>
15  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
16  be true about a particular software program for it to be considered  true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
17  free software.  software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
18    If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
19    the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
20  </p>  </p>
21    
22  <p>  <p>
# Line 39  four kinds of freedom, for the users of Line 41  four kinds of freedom, for the users of
41        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
42    </li>    </li>
43    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
44          (and modified versions in general)
45        to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).        to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
46        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
47    </li>    </li>
# Line 90  condition for free software. Line 93  condition for free software.
93  </p>  </p>
94    
95  <p>  <p>
96  One important way to modify a program is by merging in available  One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
97  free subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you  subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
98  cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the  cannot merge in a suitably-licensed existing module, such as if it
99  copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive  requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add, then the
100  to qualify as free.  license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
101  </p>  </p>
102    
103  <p>  <p>
104  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
105  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
106  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause,  power to revoke the license, or replace it with a different license
107  the software is not free.  (since this implies revoking the old license),
108    without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the software is not
109    free.
110  </p>  </p>
111    
112  <p>  <p>
# Line 114  the central freedoms; rather it protects Line 119  the central freedoms; rather it protects
119  </p>  </p>
120    
121  <p>  <p>
122    <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free
123    program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
124    and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
125    is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
126  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
127  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
128  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
# Line 121  you always have the freedom to copy and Line 130  you always have the freedom to copy and
130  </p>  </p>
131    
132  <p>  <p>
133  <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free  Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
134  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,  If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
135  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software  someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
 is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  
136  </p>  </p>
137    
138  <p>  <p>
139  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
140  don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or  don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
141  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
142  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
143  that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that  that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
# Line 148  to protect these freedoms legally for ev Line 156  to protect these freedoms legally for ev
156  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
157  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
158  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
159  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
160  use it.  ethical.
161  </p>  </p>
162    
163  <p>  <p>
# Line 165  programs internationally.  Software deve Line 173  programs internationally.  Software deve
173  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
174  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
175  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
176  jurisdictions of these governments.  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
177    must not require obedience to any export regulations a condition of
178    any of the essential freedoms.
179  </p>  </p>
180    
181  <p>  <p>
# Line 237  and avoid various practical problems. Line 247  and avoid various practical problems.
247  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
248    
249  <p>  <p>
250  <a href="free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, for the same  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
251  reasons that software must be free, and because the manuals are in effect  for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
252  part of the software.  manuals are in effect part of the software.
253  </p>  </p>
254    
255  <p>  <p>
256  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
257  practical use -- that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
258  such as educational works and reference  such as educational works and reference
259  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org"> Wikipedia </a> is the best known  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
260  example.  example.
261  </p>  </p>
262    
# Line 262  free cultural works</a> applicable to an Line 272  free cultural works</a> applicable to an
272  Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean  Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
273  something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We  something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We
274  prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that  prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
275  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
276  The word <q>open</q> <a href="open-source-misses-the-point.html">  word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
277  never refers to freedom </a>.  never refers to freedom</a>.
278  </p>  </p>
279    
280  <p><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></p>  <h2 id="History">History</h2>
281    
282  </div>  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
283    clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
284    links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
285    them if they like.</p>
286    
287    <ul>
288    
289    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
290    1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
291    in some places but not reflected everywhere:
292    <ul>
293    <li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
294    substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
295    Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
296    <li>The right to merge in existing modules
297    refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
298    <li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
299    <li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
300    </ul>
301    </li>
302    
303    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
304    1.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>
305    
306    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
307    1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
308    the program for any purpose.</li>
309    
310    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
311    1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
312    
313    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
314    1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
315    available free software to create your modifications.</li>
316    
317    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
318    1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
319    provide source for versions of the software you put into public
320    use.</li>
321    
322    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
323    1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
324    identify yourself as the author of modifications.  Other minor
325    clarifications throughout the text.</li>
326    
327    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
328    1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
329    licenses.</li>
330    
331    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
332    1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
333    
334    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
335    1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
336    versions you distribute to the author.</li>
337    
338    </ul>
339    
340    <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
341    changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
342    Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
343    like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
344    our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
345    interface</a>.</p>
346    
347    </div>
348    
349  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
350    
# Line 279  never refers to freedom </a>. Line 353  never refers to freedom </a>.
353  <p>  <p>
354  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
355  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
356  There are also <a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html">other ways to contact</a>  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
357  the FSF.  the FSF.
358  <br />  <br />
359  Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to  Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
360  <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.  <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
361  </p>  </p>
362    
# Line 294  translations of this article. Line 368  translations of this article.
368  </p>  </p>
369    
370  <p>  <p>
371  Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,  Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
372  2005, 2006 <br /> Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St,  2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
373  Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,  USA  </p>
374  <br />  <address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
375  Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
376  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
377  preserved.  preserved.
378  </p>  </p>
# Line 306  preserved. Line 380  preserved.
380  <p>  <p>
381  Updated:  Updated:
382  <!-- timestamp start -->  <!-- timestamp start -->
383  $Date$ $Author$  $Date$
384  <!-- timestamp end -->  <!-- timestamp end -->
385  </p>  </p>
386  </div>  </div>
# Line 327  $Date$ $Author$ Line 401  $Date$ $Author$
401  <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->  <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
402  <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->  <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
403  <ul class="translations-list">  <ul class="translations-list">
404    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a> <!-- Arabic --></li>  <!-- Afrikaans -->
405   <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>  <!-- Bulgarian --></li>  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
406   <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>    <!-- Catalan --></li>  <!-- Arabic -->
407    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
408    <!-- Azerbaijani -->
409    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
410    <!-- Bulgarian -->
411    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
412    <!-- Bengali -->
413    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
414    <!-- Bosnian -->
415    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">Bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
416    <!-- Catalan -->
417    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
418    <!-- Czech -->
419    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
420    <!-- Danish -->
421    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
422    <!-- German -->
423    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
424    <!-- Greek -->
425    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x0395;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
426    <!-- English -->
427    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
428    <!-- Esperanto -->
429    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
430    <!-- Spanish -->
431    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
432    <!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
433    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>&nbsp;[fa]</li>
434    <!-- French -->
435    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
436    <!-- Galician -->
437    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
438    <!-- Hebrew -->
439    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>
440    <!-- Croatian -->
441    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>
442    <!-- Hungarian -->
443    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
444    <!-- Indonesian -->
445    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>
446    <!-- Italian -->
447    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
448    <!-- Japanese -->
449    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
450    <!-- Korean -->
451    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
452    <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
453    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">Norsk (Bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>
454    <!-- Dutch -->
455    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>
456    <!-- Polish -->
457    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
458    <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
459    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
460    <!-- Romanian -->
461    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
462    <!-- Russian -->
463    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
464    <!--- Slovenian -->
465    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
466    <!-- Serbian -->
467    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
468    <!-- Swedish -->
469    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">Svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
470    <!-- Tamil -->
471    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
472    <!-- Tagalog -->
473    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
474    <!-- Turkish -->
475    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
476  <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->  <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
477   <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a></li>  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
   
478  <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->  <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
479   <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a></li>  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
   
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  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>    <!-- Danish --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>  <!-- German --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> </li>  
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  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a></li>  
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  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>   <!-- Galician --></li>  
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  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> <!-- Indonesian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a> <!-- Italian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a> <!-- Japanese --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a> <!-- Korean --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>   <!-- Hungarian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>       <!-- Dutch --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norsk</a>    <!-- Norwegian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>   <!-- Polish --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portugu&#x0ea;s</a>  <!-- Portuguese --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>     <!-- Romanian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a> <!-- Russian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>        <!--- Slovenian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a> <!-- Serbian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>  <!-- Tagalog --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>     <!-- Turkish --></li>  
480  </ul>  </ul>
481  </div>  </div>
482    

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