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9    
10  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
11    
12  <h1>The Free Software Definition</h1>  <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
13    
14  <p>  <p>
15  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
16  be true about a particular software program for it to be considered  true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
17  free software.  software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
18    If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
19    the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
20  </p>  </p>
21    
22  <p>  <p>
23  <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
24  the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>  the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo;
25  not as in <q>free beer.</q>  not as in &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;
26  </p>  </p>
27    
28  <p>  <p>
29  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
30  study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it refers to  study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it means that the
31  four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:  program's users have the four essential freedoms:
32  </p>  </p>
33    
34  <ul>  <ul>
35    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
36    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make
37        your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition        it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
38        for this.        precondition for this.
39    </li>    </li>
40    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
41        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
42    </li>    </li>
43    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements    <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
44        to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).        to others (freedom 3).  By doing this you can give the whole
45          community a chance to benefit from your changes.
46        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
47    </li>    </li>
48  </ul>  </ul>
# Line 50  you should be free to redistribute copie Line 53  you should be free to redistribute copie
53  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
54  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
55  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
56  for permission.  for permission to do so.
57  </p>  </p>
58    
59  <p>  <p>
# Line 66  or organization to use it on any kind of Line 69  or organization to use it on any kind of
69  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
70  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
71  the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>  the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
72  purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,  purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
73  and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it  and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
74  for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.  for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
75  </p>  </p>
# Line 75  for her purposes, but you are not entitl Line 78  for her purposes, but you are not entitl
78  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
79  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
80  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
81  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is ok if there  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there
82  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
83  (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the  (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
84  freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to  freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
# Line 83  make them. Line 86  make them.
86  </p>  </p>
87    
88  <p>  <p>
89  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
90  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of  freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
91  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
92  condition for free software.  source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
93    &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
94    as source code.
95  </p>  </p>
96    
97  <p>  <p>
98  One important way to modify a program is by merging in available  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
99  free subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
100  cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the  run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash;
101  copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive  a practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or (through
102  to qualify as free.  blacklisting) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a
103    theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.  This is not
104    sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not free software
105    even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
106  </p>  </p>
107    
108  <p>  <p>
109  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as  One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
110  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the  subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
111  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause,  cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module &mdash; for instance, if it
112  the software is not free.  requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add &mdash; then the
113    license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
114    </p>
115    
116    <p>
117    Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
118    as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of
119    releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
120    a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a
121    license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
122    as a free license.
123    </p>
124    
125    <p>
126    In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
127    irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
128    software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
129    its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
130    software is not free.
131  </p>  </p>
132    
133  <p>  <p>
# Line 114  the central freedoms; rather it protects Line 140  the central freedoms; rather it protects
140  </p>  </p>
141    
142  <p>  <p>
143    &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo;  A free
144    program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
145    and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
146    is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
147  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
148  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
149  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
# Line 121  you always have the freedom to copy and Line 151  you always have the freedom to copy and
151  </p>  </p>
152    
153  <p>  <p>
154  <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free  Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
155  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,  If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
156  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software  someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
157  is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  </p>
158    
159    <p>
160    However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
161    if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
162    versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
163    Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
164    name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
165    modifications as yours.  As long as these requirements are not so
166    burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
167    changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
168    the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
169  </p>  </p>
170    
171  <p>  <p>
172  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
173  don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or  must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
174  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if  on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one
175  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in  saying that if you have distributed a
 that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that  
 such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version  
 at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for  
 versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also  
 acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a  
176  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
177  must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.  must send one.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
178    whether to distribute your version at all.)  Rules that require release
179    of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
180    are also acceptable.
181  </p>  </p>
182    
183  <p>  <p>
184  In the GNU project, we use  In the GNU project, we use
185  <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>  <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
186  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
187  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
188  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
189  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
190  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still  but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
191  use it.  ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate to each other.)
 </p>  
   
 <p>  
 See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>  
 for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>  
 and other categories of software relate to each other.  
192  </p>  </p>
193    
194  <p>  <p>
# Line 165  programs internationally.  Software deve Line 198  programs internationally.  Software deve
198  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
199  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
200  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
201  jurisdictions of these governments.  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
202    must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
203    any of the essential freedoms.
204  </p>  </p>
205    
206  <p>  <p>
# Line 176  is unlikely to have some other sort of p Line 211  is unlikely to have some other sort of p
211  (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software  (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
212  licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger  licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
213  range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways  range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
214  such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.  such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
215  </p>  </p>
216    
217  <p>  <p>
# Line 184  We can't possibly list all the ways that Line 219  We can't possibly list all the ways that
219  contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that  contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
220  copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as  copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
221  legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude  legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
222  it is non-free.  it is nonfree.
223  </p>  </p>
224    
225  <p>  <p>
226  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
227  like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that  like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
228  the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such  the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
229  as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See  as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
230  <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that  <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
231  are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have  are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
232  a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of  a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
233  <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.  &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
234  </p>  </p>
235    
236  <p>  <p>
# Line 221  listed there, you can ask us about it by Line 256  listed there, you can ask us about it by
256  </p>  </p>
257    
258  <p>  <p>
259  If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF  If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
260  by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software  Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
261  licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;  proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
262  we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that  for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
263  meets your needs.  find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
264  </p>  </p>
265    
266  <p>  <p>
267  If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our  If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
268  help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license  help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
269  and avoid various practical problems.  and avoid various practical problems.
270  </p>  </p>
271    
272  <h2 id="open-source">Beyond Software</h2>  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
   
 <h2>Beyond Software</h2>  
273    
274  <p>  <p>
275  <a href="free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, for the same  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
276  reasons that software must be free, and because the manuals are in effect  for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
277  part of the software.</p>  manuals are in effect part of the software.
278  </p>  </p>
279    
280  <p>  <p>
281  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
282  practical use -- that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
283  such as educational works and reference  such as educational works and reference
284  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org"> Wikipedia </a> is the best known  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
285  example.  example.
286  </p>  </p>
287    
# Line 261  free cultural works</a> applicable to an Line 294  free cultural works</a> applicable to an
294  <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>  <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
295    
296  <p>  <p>
297  Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean  Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
298  something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We  something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;  We
299  prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that  prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
300  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
301  The word <q>open</q> <a href="open-source-misses-the-point.html">  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
302  never refers to freedom </a>.  never refers to freedom</a>.
303  </p>  </p>
304    
305  <p><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></p>  <h2 id="History">History</h2>
306    
307    <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
308    clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
309    links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
310    them if they like.</p>
311    
312  </div>  <ul>
313    
314    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
315    1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
316    
317    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
318    1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
319    of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
320    in someone else's development project.</li>
321    
322    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version
323    1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
324    free software.</li>
325    
326    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
327    1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
328    i.e., no tivoization.</li>
329    
330    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
331    1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
332    unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
333    replacement.</li>
334    
335    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
336    1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
337    in some places but not reflected everywhere:
338    <ul>
339    <li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
340    substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
341    Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
342    <li>The right to merge in existing modules
343    refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
344    <li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
345    <li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
346    </ul>
347    </li>
348    
349    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
350    1.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>
351    
352    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
353    1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
354    the program for any purpose.</li>
355    
356    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
357    1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
358    
359    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
360    1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
361    available free software to create your modifications.</li>
362    
363    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
364    1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
365    provide source for versions of the software you put into public
366    use.</li>
367    
368    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
369    1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
370    identify yourself as the author of modifications.  Other minor
371    clarifications throughout the text.</li>
372    
373    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
374    1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
375    licenses.</li>
376    
377    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
378    1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
379    
380    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
381    1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
382    versions you distribute to the author.</li>
383    
384    </ul>
385    
386    <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
387    changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
388    Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
389    like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
390    our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
391    interface</a>.</p>
392    
393    </div>
394    
395  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
396    
# Line 280  never refers to freedom </a>. Line 398  never refers to freedom </a>.
398    
399  <p>  <p>
400  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
401  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
402  There are also <a href="http://www.fsf.org/about/contact.html">other ways to contact</a>  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
403  the FSF.  the FSF.
404  <br />  <br />
405  Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to  Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
406  <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.  <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
407  </p>  </p>
408    
409  <p>  <p>
# Line 296  translations of this article. Line 414  translations of this article.
414  </p>  </p>
415    
416  <p>  <p>
417  Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,  Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
418  2005, 2006 <br /> Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St,  2005, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
419  Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,  USA  </p>
420  <br />  <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
 Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  
421  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
422  preserved.  preserved.
423  </p>  </p>
# Line 308  preserved. Line 425  preserved.
425  <p>  <p>
426  Updated:  Updated:
427  <!-- timestamp start -->  <!-- timestamp start -->
428  $Date$ $Author$  $Date$
429  <!-- timestamp end -->  <!-- timestamp end -->
430  </p>  </p>
431  </div>  </div>
# Line 316  $Date$ $Author$ Line 433  $Date$ $Author$
433  <div id="translations">  <div id="translations">
434  <h4>Translations of this page</h4>  <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
435    
436  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
437  <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->       Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
438  <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->       Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
439  <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->       If you add a new language here, please
440  <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->       advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to
441  <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->        - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
442  <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->        - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
443  <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->        - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
444  <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->        to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
445  <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->       Please also check you have the language code right; see:
446  <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->       http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
447  <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->       If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
448  <ul class="translations-list">       use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
449    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a> <!-- Arabic --></li>       Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>  <!-- Bulgarian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>    <!-- Catalan --></li>  
450    
451    <ul class="translations-list">
452    <!-- Afrikaans -->
453    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
454    <!-- Arabic -->
455    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
456    <!-- Azerbaijani -->
457    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
458    <!-- Bulgarian -->
459    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
460    <!-- Bengali -->
461    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
462    <!-- Bosnian -->
463    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
464    <!-- Catalan -->
465    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
466    <!-- Czech -->
467    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
468    <!-- Danish -->
469    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
470    <!-- German -->
471    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
472    <!-- Greek -->
473    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x03b5;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
474    <!-- English -->
475    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
476    <!-- Esperanto -->
477    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
478    <!-- Spanish -->
479    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
480    <!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
481    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>&nbsp;[fa]</li>
482    <!-- French -->
483    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
484    <!-- Galician -->
485    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
486    <!-- Hebrew -->
487    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>
488    <!-- Croatian -->
489    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>
490    <!-- Hungarian -->
491    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
492    <!-- Indonesian -->
493    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>
494    <!-- Italian -->
495    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
496    <!-- Japanese -->
497    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
498    <!-- Korean -->
499    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
500    <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
501    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>
502    <!-- Dutch -->
503    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>
504    <!-- Polish -->
505    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
506    <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
507    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
508    <!-- Romanian -->
509    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
510    <!-- Russian -->
511    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
512    <!-- Slovak -->
513    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li>
514    <!--- Slovenian -->
515    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
516    <!-- Serbian -->
517    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
518    <!-- Swedish -->
519    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
520    <!-- Tamil -->
521    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
522    <!-- Tagalog -->
523    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
524    <!-- Turkish -->
525    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
526  <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->  <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
527   <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a></li>  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
   
528  <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->  <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
529   <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a></li>  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
   
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>     <!-- Czech --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>    <!-- Danish --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>  <!-- German --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> </li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">Ελληνικά</a>  <!--Greek--></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>   <!-- Spanish --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>  <!-- French --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>   <!-- Galician --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a> <!-- Hebrew --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a> <!-- Croatian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> <!-- Indonesian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a> <!-- Italian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a> <!-- Japanese --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a> <!-- Korean --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>   <!-- Hungarian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>       <!-- Dutch --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norsk</a>    <!-- Norwegian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>   <!-- Polish --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portugu&#x0ea;s</a>  <!-- Portuguese --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>     <!-- Romanian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a> <!-- Russian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>        <!--- Slovenian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a> <!-- Serbian --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>  <!-- Tagalog --></li>  
  <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>     <!-- Turkish --></li>  
530  </ul>  </ul>
531  </div>  </div>
532    
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