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3  <HEAD>  <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
4  <TITLE>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</TITLE>      "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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8  <H3>The Free Software Definition</H3>  <title>
9    The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)
10  <A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><IMG SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"  </title>
11     ALT=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "  <link rev="made" href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org" />
12     WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>  </head>
13    
14  [  <!-- This document is in XML and XHTML. -->
15    <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Croatian</A>  <!-- Please ensure that your final document is -->
16  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Dutch</A>  <!-- consistent with W3C XHTML and CSS standards -->
17  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</A>  <!-- Also, see validator.w3.org -->
18  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">French</A>  
19  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galician</A>  <body>
20  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Hungarian</A>  
21  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Indonesian</A>  <div id="header">
22  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italian</A>    <a href="http://www.defectivebydesign.org/join/gnu">
23  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">Japanese</A>      <img src="/graphics/dbd.png"
24  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">Korean</A>           alt="[Join the FSF Campaign to Eliminate DRM]" />
25  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norwegian</A>    </a>
26  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polish</A>  </div>
27  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portuguese</A>  
28  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">Russian</A>  <hr />
29  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Spanish</A>  
30  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Turkish</A>  <p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
31  ]  
32  <P>  <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
33    <p>
34  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be  <a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html">
35  true about a particular software program for it to be considered    <img src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
36           alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "
37           width="160px"
38           height="200px" />
39    </a>
40    </p>
41    
42    <p>
43    We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must
44    be true about a particular software program for it to be considered
45  free software.  free software.
46    </p>
47    
48  <P>  <p>
49    <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
50  ``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the  the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
51  concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in  not as in <q>free beer.</q>
52  ``free beer.''  </p>
53  <P>  
54  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,  <p>
55  distribute, study, change and improve the software.  More precisely,  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
56  it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:  study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it refers to
57  <P>  four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:
58    </p>
59  <UL>  
60    <LI>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).  <ul>
61    <LI>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
62        (freedom 1).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
63    <LI>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor        your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
64          for this.
65      </li>
66      <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
67        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
68    <LI>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements    </li>
69       to the public, so that the whole community benefits.    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
70        (freedom 3).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
71  </UL>        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
72      </li>
73  <P>  </ul>
74  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  
75  Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or  <p>
76  without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
77  distribution, to <A HREF="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</A>.  Being  you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
78  free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
79  have to ask or pay for permission.  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
80    things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
81    for permission.
82    </p>
83    
84  <P>  <p>
85  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
86  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
87  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
88  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
89    </p>
90    
91  <P>  <p>
92  The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person  The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
93  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
94  of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
95  with the developer or any other specific entity.  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
96    the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
97    purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,
98    and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
99    for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
100    </p>
101    
102  <P>  <p>
103  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
104  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
105  unmodified versions.  It is ok if there is no way to produce a binary  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
106  or executable form, but people must have the freedom to redistribute  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is ok if there
107  such forms should they find a way to make them.  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
108    (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
109    freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
110    make them.
111    </p>
112    
113  <P>  <p>
114  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
115  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
116  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
117  condition for free software.  condition for free software.
118    </p>
119    
120    <p>
121    One important way to modify a program is by merging in available
122    free subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
123    cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the
124    copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive
125    to qualify as free.
126    </p>
127    
128  <P>  <p>
129  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
130  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
131  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause,
132  cause, the software is not free.  the software is not free.
133    </p>
134    
135  <P>  <p>
136  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
137  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
138  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
139  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
140  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
141  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
142    </p>
143    
144  <P>  <p>
145  Thus, you may have paid money to get copies of GNU software, or you  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
146  may have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
147  your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
148  software, even to <A HREF="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</A>.  <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
149    </p>
150  <P>  
151  ``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''.  A free program  <p>
152  must be available for commercial use.  Commercial development of free  <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free
153  software is no longer unusual; such programs are free commercial  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
154  software.  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
155    is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
156    </p>
157    
158  <P>  <p>
159  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
160  don't effectively block your freedom to release modified versions.  don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or
161  Rules that ``if you make the program available in this way, you must  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
162  make it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
163  same condition.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of  that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
164  whether to publish the program or not.)  such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
165    at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
166  <P>  versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
167  In the GNU project, we use <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">  acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a
168  ``copyleft''</A> to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
169  <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">  must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.
170  non-copylefted free software</A> also exists.  We believe there are  </p>
171  important reasons why <A HREF="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is  
172  better to use copyleft</A>, but if your program is non-copylefted free  <p>
173  software, we can still use it.  In the GNU project, we use
174    <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
175  <P>  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
176  See <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
177         (18k characters)</A>  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
178  for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
179  other categories of software relate to each other.  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still
180    use it.
181  <P>  </p>
182  Sometimes government <A NAME="exportcontrol">export control  
183  regulations</A> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to  <p>
184  distribute copies of programs internationally.  Software developers do  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
185  not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but  for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
186  what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of  and other categories of software relate to each other.
187  use of the program.  In this way, the restrictions will not affect  </p>
188  activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.  
189    <p>
190  <P>  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
191  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like  and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
192  ``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the  programs internationally.  Software developers do not have the power to
193  issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such as  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
194  ``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See <A  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
195  HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
196  that are Worth Avoiding</A> for a discussion of these terms.  jurisdictions of these governments.
197  We also have a list of <A HREF="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations  </p>
198  of "free software"</A> into various languages.  
199    <p>
200  <P>  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
201    on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a
202    copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
203    is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
204    (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
205    licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
206    range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
207    such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.
208    </p>
209    
210    <p>
211    We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen.  If a
212    contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
213    copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
214    legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
215    it is non-free.
216    </p>
217    
218    <p>
219    When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
220    like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
221    the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
222    as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
223    <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
224    are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
225    a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
226    <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
227    </p>
228    
229    <p>
230  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
231  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide
232  decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free  whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
233  software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine  we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
234  whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words.  If a  spirit as well as the precise words.  If a license includes unconscionable
235  license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we  restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
236  did not anticipate the issue in these criteria.  Sometimes a license  in these criteria.  Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
237  requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought before we  that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
238  can decide if the requirement is acceptable, including discussions  before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable.  When we reach
239  with a lawyer.  When we reach a conclusion, we sometimes update these  a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
240  criteria to make it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't  it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
241  qualify.  </p>
242    
243  <P>  <p>
244    If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
245  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a  software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
246  free software license, see our <A  of licenses</a>.  If the license you are concerned with is not
247  HREF="/philosophy/license-list.html"> list of licenses </A>.  If the  listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
248  license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us  <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
249  about it by sending us email at <A  </p>
250  HREF="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</A>.  
251    <p>
252  <HR>  If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
253    by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software
254  <H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>  licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;
255    we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that
256  <P>  meets your needs.
257  Another group has started using the term <A  </p>
258  HREF="free-software-for-freedom.html"> open source</A> to mean  
259  something close (but not identical) to "free software".  <p>
260    If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
261  <HR>  help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
262    and avoid various practical problems.
263  Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.  </p>
264  <P>  
265  FSF &amp; GNU inquiries &amp; questions to  <hr />
266  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  
267  Other <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ways to contact</A> the FSF.  <p>
268  <P>  Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
269  Comments on these web pages to  something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We prefer
270  <A HREF="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org"><EM>webmasters@www.gnu.org</EM></A>,  the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard it refers to
271  send other questions to  freedom rather than price, <a href="free-software-for-freedom.html">it
272  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  calls to mind freedom</a>.  The word <q>open</q> never does that.
273  <P>  </p>
274  Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,  
275  59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111,  USA  <hr />
276  <P>  
277    <h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
278    
279    <div class="translations">
280    <p><a id="translations"></a>
281    <b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
282    
283    <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
284    <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
285    <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
286    <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
287    <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
288    <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
289    <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
290    <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
291    <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
292    <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
293    <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
294    <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
295    [
296      <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a> <!-- Arabic -->
297    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>  <!-- Bulgarian -->
298    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>       <!-- Catalan -->
299    
300    <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
301    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>
302    
303    <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
304    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>
305    
306    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>        <!-- Czech -->
307    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>       <!-- Danish -->
308    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>     <!-- German -->
309    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>
310    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">Ελληνικά</a>  <!--Greek-->
311    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>      <!-- Spanish -->
312    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>
313    
314    <!-- Persian/Farsi -->
315    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>
316    
317    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>     <!-- French -->
318    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>      <!-- Galician -->
319    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>    <!-- Hebrew -->
320    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a>    <!-- Croatian -->
321    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>    <!-- Indonesian -->
322    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a>    <!-- Italian -->
323    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>    <!-- Japanese -->
324    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>    <!-- Korean -->
325    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>      <!-- Hungarian -->
326    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>  <!-- Dutch -->
327    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norsk</a>       <!-- Norwegian -->
328    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>      <!-- Polish -->
329    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portugu&#x0ea;s</a>     <!-- Portuguese -->
330    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>        <!-- Romanian -->
331    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a> <!-- Russian -->
332    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>   <!--- Slovenian -->
333    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a> <!-- Serbian -->
334    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>     <!-- Tagalog -->
335    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>        <!-- Turkish -->
336    ]
337    </p>
338    </div>
339    
340    <div class="copyright">
341    <p>
342    Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
343    </p>
344    
345    <p>
346    Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
347    <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
348    There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
349    the FSF.
350    <br />
351    Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
352    <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
353    </p>
354    
355    <p>
356    Please see the
357    <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
358    README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
359    translations of this article.
360    </p>
361    
362    <p>
363    Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free
364    Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
365    02110,  USA
366    <br />
367  Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
368  permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.<P>  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
369    preserved.
370    </p>
371    
372    <p>
373  Updated:  Updated:
374  <!-- timestamp start -->  <!-- timestamp start -->
375  $Date$ $Author$  $Date$ $Author$
376  <!-- timestamp end -->  <!-- timestamp end -->
377  <HR>  </p>
378  </BODY>  </div>
379  </HTML>  
380    </body>
381    </html>
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