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4  <TITLE>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</TITLE>  <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en">
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8  <H3>The Free Software Definition</H3>  <meta http-equiv="content-type" content='text/html; charset=utf-8' />
9    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/gnu.css" />
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11     ALT=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] "  </head>
12     WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>  
13    <!-- This document is in XML, and xhtml 1.0 -->
14  [  <!-- Please make sure to properly nest your tags -->
15  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->  <!-- and ensure that your final document validates -->
16  <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  <!-- consistent with W3C xhtml 1.0 and CSS standards -->
17    <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Croatian</A>  <!-- See validator.w3.org -->
18  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Dutch</A>  
19  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</A>  <body>
20  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">French</A>  
21  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galician</A>  <p><a href="#translations">Translations</a> of this page</p>
22  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">German</A>  
23  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Hungarian</A>  <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
24  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Indonesian</A>  <p>
25  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italian</A>  <a href="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.html"><img src="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg" alt=" [image of a Philosophical Gnu] " width="160" height="200" /></a>
26  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">Japanese</A>  </p>
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">Korean</A>  
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norwegian</A>  
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polish</A>  
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portuguese</A>  
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">Russian</A>  
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovenian</A>  
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Spanish</A>  
 | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Turkish</A>  
 <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->  
 <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  
 ]  
 <P>  
27    
28    <p>
29  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
30  true about a particular software program for it to be considered  true about a particular software program for it to be considered
31  free software.  free software.</p>
32    <p>
 <P>  
   
33  ``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the  ``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the
34  concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in  concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in
35  ``free beer.''  ``free beer.''</p>
36  <P>  <p>
37  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,
38  distribute, study, change and improve the software.  More precisely,  distribute, study, change and improve the software.  More precisely,
39  it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:  it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:</p>
 <P>  
40    
41  <UL>  <ul>
42    <LI>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
43    <LI>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs
44        (freedom 1).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        (freedom 1).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
45    <LI>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
46        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).</li>
47    <LI>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
48       to the public, so that the whole community benefits.       to the public, so that the whole community benefits
49        (freedom 3).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        (freedom 3).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li>
50  </UL>  </ul>
51    
52  <P>  <p>
53  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.
54  Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or  Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or
55  without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for  without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for
56  distribution, to <A HREF="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</A>.  Being  distribution, to <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being
57  free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not  free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not
58  have to ask or pay for permission.  have to ask or pay for permission.</p>
59    <p>
 <P>  
60  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
61  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
62  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
63  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.</p>
64    <p>
 <P>  
65  The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person  The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person
66  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind
67  of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently  of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently
68  with the developer or any other specific entity.  with the developer or any other specific entity.</p>
69    <p>
 <P>  
70  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
71  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
72  unmodified versions.  It is ok if there is no way to produce a binary  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is
73  or executable form (since some languages don't support that feature),  necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is
74  but you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you  ok if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a
75  find or develop a way to make them.  certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but
76    you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find
77  <P>  or develop a way to make them.</p>
78    <p>
79  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
80  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
81  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
82  condition for free software.  condition for free software.</p>
83    <p>
 <P>  
84  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
85  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
86  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give
87  cause, the software is not free.  cause, the software is not free.</p>
88    <p>
 <P>  
89  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
90  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
91  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
92  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
93  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
94  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.</p>
95    <p>
96  <P>  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you
 Thus, you may have paid money to get copies of GNU software, or you  
97  may have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got  may have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got
98  your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the  your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the
99  software, even to <A HREF="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</A>.  software, even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.</p>
100  <P>  <p>
   
101  ``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''.  A free program  ``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''.  A free program
102  must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and  must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and
103  commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software is  commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software is
104  no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.</p>
105    <p>
 <P>  
106  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
107  don't effectively block your freedom to release modified versions.  don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions,
108  Rules that ``if you make the program available in this way, you must  or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules
109  make it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the  that ``if you make your version available in this way, you must make
110  same condition.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of  it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the same
111  whether to publish the program or not.)  It is also acceptable for the  condition.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
112  license to require that, if you have distributed a modified version  whether to publish your version at all.)  Rules that require release
113  and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one.  of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
114    are also acceptable.  It is also acceptable for the license to require
115  <P>  that, if you have distributed a modified version and a previous
116  In the GNU project, we use <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">  developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one, or that you
117  ``copyleft''</A> to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  identify yourself on your modifications.
118  <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">  </p>
119  non-copylefted free software</A> also exists.  We believe there are  <p>
120  important reasons why <A HREF="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is  In the GNU project, we use <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">``copyleft''</a>
121  better to use copyleft</A>, but if your program is non-copylefted free  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
122  software, we can still use it.  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
123    free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are
124  <P>  important reasons why <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is
125  See <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software  better to use copyleft</a>, but if your program is non-copylefted free
126         (18k characters)</A>  software, we can still use it.</p>
127    <p>
128    See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
129  for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and  for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and
130  other categories of software relate to each other.  other categories of software relate to each other.</p>
131    <p>
132  <P>  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control
133  Sometimes government <A NAME="exportcontrol">export control  regulations</a> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to
 regulations</A> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to  
134  distribute copies of programs internationally.  Software developers do  distribute copies of programs internationally.  Software developers do
135  not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but  not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but
136  what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of  what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of
137  use of the program.  In this way, the restrictions will not affect  use of the program.  In this way, the restrictions will not affect
138  activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.  activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.</p>
139    <p>
140  <P>  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are
141    limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.
142    If a copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described
143    above, it is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never
144    anticipated (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some
145    free software licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can
146    impose a much larger range of possible restrictions.  That means there
147    are many possible ways such a license could be unacceptably
148    restrictive and non-free.</p>
149    <p>
150    We can't possibly list all the possible contract restrictions that
151    would be unacceptable.  If a contract-based license restricts the user
152    in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses cannot, and which
153    isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think about it,
154    and we will probably decide it is non-free.</p>
155    <p>
156  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like
157  ``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the  ``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the
158  issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such as  issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such as
159  ``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See <A  ``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
160  HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases  <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases
161  that are Worth Avoiding</A> for a discussion of these terms.  that are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.
162  We also have a list of <A HREF="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations  We also have a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations
163  of "free software"</A> into various languages.  of "free software"</a> into various languages.</p>
164    <p>
 <P>  
   
165  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
166  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To
167  decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free  decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free
# Line 180  requirement raises an issue that calls f Line 173  requirement raises an issue that calls f
173  including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the  including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the
174  requirement is acceptable.  When we reach a conclusion about a new  requirement is acceptable.  When we reach a conclusion about a new
175  issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why  issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why
176  certain licenses do or don't qualify.  certain licenses do or don't qualify.</p>
177    <p>
 <P>  
   
178  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a
179  free software license, see our <A  free software license, see our <a
180  HREF="/licenses/license-list.html">list of licenses</A>.  If the  href="/licenses/license-list.html">list of licenses</a>.  If the
181  license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us  license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us
182  about it by sending us email at <A  about it by sending us email at <a
183  HREF="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</A>.  href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p> <p>
184    If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
185  <HR>  by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free
186    software licenses means increased work for users in understanding the
187  <H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>  licenses; we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software
188    license that meets your needs.
189    </p>
190    
191    <p>
192    If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
193    help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
194    and avoid various practical problems.
195    </p>
196    <hr />
197    
198  <P>  <p>
199  Another group has started using the term "open source" to mean  Another group has started using the term "open source" to mean
200  something close (but not identical) to "free software".  We prefer the  something close (but not identical) to "free software".  We prefer the
201  term "free software" because, once you have heard it refers to freedom  term "free software" because, once you have heard it refers to freedom
202  rather than price, <A HREF="free-software-for-freedom.html">it calls  rather than price, <a href="free-software-for-freedom.html">it calls
203  to mind freedom</A>.  to mind freedom</a>.  The word "open" never does that.</p>
204    
205  <HR>  <hr />
206    <h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</a></h4>
207    
208    
209    <!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about    -->
210    <!-- verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking     -->
211    <!-- with the webmasters first. -->
212    <!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
213    <!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
214    
215    <div class="translations">
216    <p><a id="translations"></a>
217    <b>Translations of this page</b>:<br />
218    
219    <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
220    <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
221    <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
222    <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
223    <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
224    <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
225    <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
226    <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
227    <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
228    <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
229    <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
230    <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
231  [  [
232  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->    <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>       <!-- Catalan -->
233  <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  
234    <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Croatian</A>  <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
235  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Dutch</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>
236  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</A>  
237  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">French</A>  <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
238  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galician</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>
239  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">German</A>  
240  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Hungarian</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>        <!-- Czech -->
241  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Indonesian</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>       <!-- Danish -->
242  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italian</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>     <!-- German -->
243  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">Japanese</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>
244  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">Korean</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>      <!-- Spanish -->
245  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norwegian</A>  
246  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polish</A>  <!-- Persian/Farsi -->
247  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portuguese</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>
248  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">Russian</A>  
249  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovenian</A>        | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>     <!-- French -->
250  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Spanish</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>      <!-- Galician -->
251  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Turkish</A>  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>    <!-- Hebrew -->
252  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a>    <!-- Croatian -->
253  <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>    <!-- Indonesian -->
254    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a>    <!-- Italian -->
255    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>    <!-- Japanese -->
256    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>    <!-- Korean -->
257    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>      <!-- Hungarian -->
258    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>  <!-- Dutch -->
259    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norsk</a>       <!-- Norwegian -->
260    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>      <!-- Polish -->
261    | <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portugu&#x0ea;s</a>     <!-- Portuguese -->
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268  ]  ]
269  <P>  </p>
270  Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.  </div>
271  <P>  
272    <div class="copyright">
273  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries &amp; questions to  <p>
274    Return to the <a href="/home.html">GNU Project home page</a>.
275  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  </p>
276  There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to  
277  contact</A> the FSF.  <p>
278  <P>  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
279    <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
280  Please send comments on these web pages to  There are also <a href="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to contact</a>
281    the FSF.
282  <A HREF="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><EM>webmasters@gnu.org</EM></A>,  <br />
283  send other questions to  Please send broken links and other corrections (or suggestions) to
284  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
285  <P>  </p>
286  Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,  
287  59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111,  USA  <p>
288  <P>  Please see the
289    <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
290    README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
291    translations of this article.
292    </p>
293    
294    <p>
295    Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free
296    Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
297    02110,  USA
298    <br />
299  Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
300  permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.  permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
301  <P>  preserved.
302    </p>
303    
304    <p>
305  Updated:  Updated:
306  <!-- timestamp start -->  <!-- timestamp start -->
307  $Date$ $Author$  $Date$ $Author$
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