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 <H3>The Free Software Definition</H3>  
   
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2    
3  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be  <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
4  true about a particular software program for it to be considered  
5  free software.  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
6    <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
7    <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
8    <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
9    
10    <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
11    
12  <P>  <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
13    
14  ``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the  <p>
15  concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
16  ``free beer.''  true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
17  <P>  software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
18  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,  If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
19  distribute, study, change and improve the software.  More precisely,  the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
20  it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:  </p>
21  <P>  
22    <p>
23  <UL>  <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
24    <LI>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).  the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
25    <LI>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs  not as in <q>free beer.</q>
26        (freedom 1).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.  </p>
27    <LI>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor  
28    <p>
29    Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
30    study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it refers to
31    four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:
32    </p>
33    
34    <ul>
35      <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
36      <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
37          your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
38          for this.
39      </li>
40      <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
41        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
42    <LI>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements    </li>
43       to the public, so that the whole community benefits    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
44        (freedom 3).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
45  </UL>        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
46      </li>
47  <P>  </ul>
48  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  
49  Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or  <p>
50  without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
51  distribution, to <A HREF="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</A>.  Being  you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
52  free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
53  have to ask or pay for permission.  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
54    things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
55    for permission.
56    </p>
57    
58  <P>  <p>
59  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
60  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
61  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
62  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
63    </p>
64    
65  <P>  <p>
66  The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person  The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
67  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
68  of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
69  with the developer or any other specific entity.  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
70    the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
71    purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,
72    and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
73    for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
74    </p>
75    
76  <P>  <p>
77  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
78  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
79  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
80  necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is ok if there
81  ok if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
82  certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but  (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
83  you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find  freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
84  or develop a way to make them.  make them.
85    </p>
86    
87  <P>  <p>
88  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
89  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
90  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
91  condition for free software.  condition for free software.
92    </p>
93    
94    <p>
95    One important way to modify a program is by merging in available
96    free subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
97    cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the
98    copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive
99    to qualify as free.
100    </p>
101    
102  <P>  <p>
103  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
104  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
105  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause,
106  cause, the software is not free.  the software is not free.
107    </p>
108    
109  <P>  <p>
110  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
111  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
112  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
113  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
114  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
115  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
116    </p>
117    
118  <P>  <p>
119  Thus, you may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
120  may have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
121  your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
122  software, even to <A HREF="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</A>.  <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
123  <P>  </p>
124    
125  ``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''.  A free program  <p>
126  must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and  <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free
127  commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software is  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
128  no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
129    is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
130    </p>
131    
132  <P>  <p>
133  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
134  don't effectively block your freedom to release modified versions.  don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or
135  Rules that ``if you make the program available in this way, you must  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
136  make it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
137  same condition.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of  that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
138  whether to publish the program or not.)  It is also acceptable for the  such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
139  license to require that, if you have distributed a modified version  at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
140  and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one.  versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
141    acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a
142  <P>  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
143  In the GNU project, we use <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">  must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.
144  ``copyleft''</A> to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  </p>
145  <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">  
146  non-copylefted free software</A> also exists.  We believe there are  <p>
147  important reasons why <A HREF="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is  In the GNU project, we use
148  better to use copyleft</A>, but if your program is non-copylefted free  <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
149  software, we can still use it.  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
150    <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
151  <P>  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
152  See <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
153         (18k characters)</A>  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still
154  for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and  use it.
155  other categories of software relate to each other.  </p>
156    
157  <P>  <p>
158  Sometimes government <A NAME="exportcontrol">export control  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
159  regulations</A> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to  for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
160  distribute copies of programs internationally.  Software developers do  and other categories of software relate to each other.
161  not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but  </p>
162  what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of  
163  use of the program.  In this way, the restrictions will not affect  <p>
164  activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
165    and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
166  <P>  programs internationally.  Software developers do not have the power to
167  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
168  limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
169  If a copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
170  above, it is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never  jurisdictions of these governments.
171  anticipated (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some  </p>
172  free software licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can  
173  impose a much larger range of possible restrictions.  That means there  <p>
174  are many possible ways such a license could be unacceptably  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
175  restrictive and non-free.  on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a
176  <P>  copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
177  We can't possibly list all the possible contract restrictions that  is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
178  would be unacceptable.  If a contract-based license restricts the user  (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
179  in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses cannot, and which  licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
180  isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think about it,  range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
181  and we will probably decide it is non-free.  such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.
182  <P>  </p>
183  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like  
184  ``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the  <p>
185  issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such as  We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen.  If a
186  ``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See <A  contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
187  HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases  copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
188  that are Worth Avoiding</A> for a discussion of these terms.  legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
189  We also have a list of <A HREF="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations  it is non-free.
190  of "free software"</A> into various languages.  </p>
191    
192  <P>  <p>
193    When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
194    like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
195    the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
196    as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
197    <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
198    are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
199    a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
200    <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
201    </p>
202    
203    <p>
204  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
205  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide
206  decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free  whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
207  software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine  we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
208  whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words.  If a  spirit as well as the precise words.  If a license includes unconscionable
209  license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we  restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
210  did not anticipate the issue in these criteria.  Sometimes a license  in these criteria.  Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
211  requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought,  that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
212  including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the  before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable.  When we reach
213  requirement is acceptable.  When we reach a conclusion about a new  a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
214  issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why  it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
215  certain licenses do or don't qualify.  </p>
216    
217  <P>  <p>
218    If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
219  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a  software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
220  free software license, see our <A  of licenses</a>.  If the license you are concerned with is not
221  HREF="/licenses/license-list.html">list of licenses</A>.  If the  listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
222  license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us  <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
223  about it by sending us email at <A  </p>
224  HREF="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</A>.  
225    <p>
226  <HR>  If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
227    by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software
228  <H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>  licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;
229    we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that
230  <P>  meets your needs.
231  Another group has started using the term "open source" to mean  </p>
232  something close (but not identical) to "free software".  We prefer the  
233  term "free software" because, once you have heard it refers to freedom  <p>
234  rather than price, <A HREF="free-software-for-freedom.html">it calls  If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
235  to mind freedom</A>.  help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
236    and avoid various practical problems.
237  <HR>  </p>
238  [  
239  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
240  <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  
241  <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Croatian</A>  <p>
242  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Czech</A>  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
243  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Danish</A>  for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
244  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Dutch</A>  manuals are in effect part of the software.
245  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</A>  </p>
246  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">French</A>  
247  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galician</A>  <p>
248  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">German</A>  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
249  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Hungarian</A>  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
250  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Indonesian</A>  such as educational works and reference
251  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italian</A>  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
252  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">Japanese</A>  example.
253  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">Korean</A>  </p>
254  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norwegian</A>  
255  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polish</A>  <p>
256  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portuguese</A>  Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
257  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Romanian</A>  has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
258  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">Russian</A>  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
259  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovenian</A>        </p>
260  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Spanish</A>  
261  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Turkish</A>  <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
262  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->  
263  <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  <p>
264  ]  Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
265  <P>  something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We
266  Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.  prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
267  <P>  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
268    word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
269  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries &amp; questions to  never refers to freedom</a>.
270    </p>
271  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  
272  There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to  <h2 id="History">History</h2>
273  contact</A> the FSF.  
274  <P>  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
275    clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
276  Please send comments on these web pages to  links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
277    them if they like.</p>
278  <A HREF="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><EM>webmasters@gnu.org</EM></A>,  
279  send other questions to  <ul>
280  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  
281  <P>  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.71&amp;r2=1.72">Version
282  Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, Free  1.72</a>: Add this History section.</li>
283  Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  
284  02111,  USA  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
285  <P>  1.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>
286  Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  
287  permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
288  <P>  1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
289    the program for any purpose.</li>
290    
291    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
292    1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
293    
294    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
295    1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
296    available free software to create your modifications</li>
297    
298    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
299    1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
300    provide source for versions of the software you put into public
301    use</li>
302    
303    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
304    1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
305    identify yourself as the author of modifications.  Other minor
306    clarifications throughout the text.</li>
307    
308    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
309    1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
310    licenses.</li>
311    
312    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
313    1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
314    
315    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
316    1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
317    versions you distribute to the author.</li>
318    
319    </ul>
320    
321    <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
322    changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
323    Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
324    like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
325    our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
326    interface</a>.</p>
327    
328    </div>
329    
330    <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
331    
332    <div id="footer">
333    
334    <p>
335    Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
336    <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
337    There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
338    the FSF.
339    <br />
340    Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
341    <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
342    </p>
343    
344    <p>
345    Please see the
346    <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
347    README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
348    translations of this article.
349    </p>
350    
351    <p>
352    Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
353    2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
354    </p>
355    <address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
356    <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
357    permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
358    preserved.
359    </p>
360    
361    <p>
362  Updated:  Updated:
363  <!-- timestamp start -->  <!-- timestamp start -->
364  $Date$ $Author$  $Date$
365  <!-- timestamp end -->  <!-- timestamp end -->
366  <HR>  </p>
367  </BODY>  </div>
368  </HTML>  
369    <div id="translations">
370    <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
371    
372    <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
373    <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
374    <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
375    <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
376    <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
377    <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
378    <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
379    <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
380    <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
381    <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
382    <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
383    <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
384    <ul class="translations-list">
385    <!-- Afrikaans -->
386    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
387    <!-- Arabic -->
388    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
389    <!-- Azerbaijani -->
390    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
391    <!-- Bulgarian -->
392    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
393    <!-- Bengali -->
394    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
395    <!-- Bosnian -->
396    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">Bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
397    <!-- Catalan -->
398    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
399    <!-- Czech -->
400    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
401    <!-- Danish -->
402    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
403    <!-- German -->
404    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
405    <!-- Greek -->
406    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x0395;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
407    <!-- English -->
408    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
409    <!-- Esperanto -->
410    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
411    <!-- Spanish -->
412    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
413    <!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
414    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>&nbsp;[fa]</li>
415    <!-- French -->
416    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">Fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
417    <!-- Galician -->
418    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
419    <!-- Hebrew -->
420    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>
421    <!-- Croatian -->
422    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>
423    <!-- Hungarian -->
424    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
425    <!-- Indonesian -->
426    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>
427    <!-- Italian -->
428    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
429    <!-- Japanese -->
430    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
431    <!-- Korean -->
432    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
433    <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
434    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">Norsk (Bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>
435    <!-- Dutch -->
436    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>
437    <!-- Polish -->
438    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
439    <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
440    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
441    <!-- Romanian -->
442    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
443    <!-- Russian -->
444    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
445    <!--- Slovenian -->
446    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
447    <!-- Serbian -->
448    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
449    <!-- Swedish -->
450    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">Svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
451    <!-- Tamil -->
452    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
453    <!-- Tagalog -->
454    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
455    <!-- Turkish -->
456    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
457    <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
458    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
459    <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
460    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
461    </ul>
462    </div>
463    
464    </div>
465    
466    </body>
467    </html>
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