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 <H3>The Free Software Definition</H3>  
   
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2    
3  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be  <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
4  true about a particular software program for it to be considered  
5  free software.  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
6    <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
7    <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
8    <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
9    
10    <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
11    
12  <P>  <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
13    
14  ``Free software'' is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand the  <p>
15  concept, you should think of ``free'' as in ``free speech,'' not as in  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must
16  ``free beer.''  be true about a particular software program for it to be considered
17  <P>  free software.
18  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy,  </p>
19  distribute, study, change and improve the software.  More precisely,  
20  it refers to four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:  <p>
21  <P>  <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
22    the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
23  <UL>  not as in <q>free beer.</q>
24    <LI>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).  </p>
25    <LI>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs  
26        (freedom 1).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.  <p>
27    <LI>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
28    study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it refers to
29    four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:
30    </p>
31    
32    <ul>
33      <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
34      <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
35          your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
36          for this.
37      </li>
38      <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
39        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
40    <LI>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements    </li>
41       to the public, so that the whole community benefits    <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
42        (freedom 3).   Access to the source code is a precondition for this.        to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
43  </UL>        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
44      </li>
45  <P>  </ul>
46  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  
47  Thus, you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or  <p>
48  without modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
49  distribution, to <A HREF="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</A>.  Being  you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
50  free to do these things means (among other things) that you do not  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
51  have to ask or pay for permission.  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
52    things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
53    for permission.
54    </p>
55    
56  <P>  <p>
57  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
58  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
59  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
60  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
61    </p>
62    
63  <P>  <p>
64  The freedom to use a program means the freedom for any kind of person  The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
65  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
66  of overall job, and without being required to communicate subsequently  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
67  with the developer or any other specific entity.  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
68    the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
69    purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,
70    and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
71    for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
72    </p>
73    
74  <P>  <p>
75  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
76  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
77  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
78  necessary for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is ok if there
79  ok if there is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
80  certain program (since some languages don't support that feature), but  (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
81  you must have the freedom to redistribute such forms should you find  freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
82  or develop a way to make them.  make them.
83    </p>
84    
85  <P>  <p>
86  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved  In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
87  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of  versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
88  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary  the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
89  condition for free software.  condition for free software.
90    </p>
91    
92    <p>
93    One important way to modify a program is by merging in available
94    free subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
95    cannot merge in an existing module, such as if it requires you to be the
96    copyright holder of any code you add, then the license is too restrictive
97    to qualify as free.
98    </p>
99    
100  <P>  <p>
101  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
102  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the  long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
103  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give  power to revoke the license, without your doing anything to give cause,
104  cause, the software is not free.  the software is not free.
105    </p>
106    
107  <P>  <p>
108  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
109  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
110  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
111  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
112  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
113  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
114    </p>
115    
116  <P>  <p>
117  Thus, you may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
118  may have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
119  your copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
120  software, even to <A HREF="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</A>.  <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
121  <P>  </p>
122    
123  ``Free software'' does not mean ``non-commercial''.  A free program  <p>
124  must be available for commercial use, commercial development, and  <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free
125  commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software is  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
126  no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
127    is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
128    </p>
129    
130  <P>  <p>
131  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
132  don't effectively block your freedom to release modified versions.  don't substantively block your freedom to release modified versions, or
133  Rules that ``if you make the program available in this way, you must  your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
134  make it available in that way also'' can be acceptable too, on the  you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
135  same condition.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of  that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
136  whether to publish the program or not.)  It is also acceptable for the  such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
137  license to require that, if you have distributed a modified version  at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
138  and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send one.  versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
139    acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a
140  <P>  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
141  In the GNU project, we use <A HREF="/copyleft/copyleft.html">  must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.
142  ``copyleft''</A> to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  </p>
143  <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">  
144  non-copylefted free software</A> also exists.  We believe there are  <p>
145  important reasons why <A HREF="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is  In the GNU project, we use
146  better to use copyleft</A>, but if your program is non-copylefted free  <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
147  software, we can still use it.  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
148    <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
149  <P>  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
150  See <A HREF="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
151         (18k characters)</A>  but if your program is non-copylefted free software, we can still
152  for a description of how ``free software,'' ``copylefted software'' and  use it.
153  other categories of software relate to each other.  </p>
154    
155  <P>  <p>
156  Sometimes government <A NAME="exportcontrol">export control  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
157  regulations</A> and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to  for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
158  distribute copies of programs internationally.  Software developers do  and other categories of software relate to each other.
159  not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but  </p>
160  what they can and must do is refuse to impose them as conditions of  
161  use of the program.  In this way, the restrictions will not affect  <p>
162  activities and people outside the jurisdictions of these governments.  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
163    and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
164  <P>  programs internationally.  Software developers do not have the power to
165  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
166  limits on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
167  If a copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
168  above, it is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never  jurisdictions of these governments.
169  anticipated (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some  </p>
170  free software licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can  
171  impose a much larger range of possible restrictions.  That means there  <p>
172  are many possible ways such a license could be unacceptably  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
173  restrictive and non-free.  on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a
174  <P>  copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
175  We can't possibly list all the possible contract restrictions that  is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
176  would be unacceptable.  If a contract-based license restricts the user  (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
177  in an unusual way that copyright-based licenses cannot, and which  licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
178  isn't mentioned here as legitimate, we will have to think about it,  range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
179  and we will probably decide it is non-free.  such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.
180  <P>  </p>
181  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms like  
182  ``give away'' or ``for free'', because those terms imply that the  <p>
183  issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such as  We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen.  If a
184  ``piracy'' embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See <A  contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
185  HREF="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases  copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
186  that are Worth Avoiding</A> for a discussion of these terms.  legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
187  We also have a list of <A HREF="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations  it is non-free.
188  of "free software"</A> into various languages.  </p>
189    
190  <P>  <p>
191    When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
192    like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
193    the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
194    as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
195    <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
196    are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
197    a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
198    <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
199    </p>
200    
201    <p>
202  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
203  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide
204  decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free  whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
205  software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine  we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
206  whether it fits their spirit as well as the precise words.  If a  spirit as well as the precise words.  If a license includes unconscionable
207  license includes unconscionable restrictions, we reject it, even if we  restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
208  did not anticipate the issue in these criteria.  Sometimes a license  in these criteria.  Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
209  requirement raises an issue that calls for extensive thought,  that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
210  including discussions with a lawyer, before we can decide if the  before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable.  When we reach
211  requirement is acceptable.  When we reach a conclusion about a new  a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
212  issue, we often update these criteria to make it easier to see why  it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
213  certain licenses do or don't qualify.  </p>
214    
215  <P>  <p>
216    If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
217  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a  software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
218  free software license, see our <A  of licenses</a>.  If the license you are concerned with is not
219  HREF="/licenses/license-list.html">list of licenses</A>.  If the  listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
220  license you are concerned with is not listed there, you can ask us  <a href="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
221  about it by sending us email at <A  </p>
222  HREF="mailto:licensing@gnu.org">&lt;licensing@gnu.org&gt;</A>.  
223    <p>
224  <HR>  If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
225    by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software
226  <H4><A HREF="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to Read</A></H4>  licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;
227    we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that
228  <P>  meets your needs.
229  Another group has started using the term "open source" to mean  </p>
230  something close (but not identical) to "free software".  We prefer the  
231  term "free software" because, once you have heard it refers to freedom  <p>
232  rather than price, <A HREF="free-software-for-freedom.html">it calls  If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
233  to mind freedom</A>.  help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
234    and avoid various practical problems.
235  <HR>  </p>
236  [  
237  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
238  <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  
239  <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">Croatian</A>  <p>
240  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Czech</A>  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
241  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">Danish</A>  for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
242  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Dutch</A>  manuals are in effect part of the software.
243  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</A>  </p>
244  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">French</A>  
245  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">Galician</A>  <p>
246  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">German</A>  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
247  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">Hungarian</A>  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
248  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Indonesian</A>  such as educational works and reference
249  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">Italian</A>  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
250  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">Japanese</A>  example.
251  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">Korean</A>  </p>
252  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.no.html">Norwegian</A>  
253  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">Polish</A>  <p>
254  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portuguese</A>  Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
255  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Romanian</A>  has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
256  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">Russian</A>  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
257  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovenian</A>        </p>
258  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Spanish</A>  
259  | <A HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Turkish</A>  <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
260  <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->  
261  <!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->  <p>
262  ]  Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
263  <P>  something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We
264  Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.  prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
265  <P>  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
266    word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
267  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries &amp; questions to  never refers to freedom</a>.
268    </p>
269  <A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><EM>gnu@gnu.org</EM></A>.  
270  There are also <A HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">other ways to  </div>
271  contact</A> the FSF.  
272  <P>  
273    <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
274  Please send comments on these web pages to  
275    <div id="footer">
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288    Please see the
289    <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
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291    translations of this article.
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293    
294    <p>
295    Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
296    2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
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305  Updated:  Updated:
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312    <div id="translations">
313    <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
314    
315    <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
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323    <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
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325    <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
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327    <ul class="translations-list">
328    <!-- Afrikaans -->
329    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
330    <!-- Arabic -->
331    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
332    <!-- Azerbaijani -->
333    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
334    <!-- Bulgarian -->
335    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
336    <!-- Bengali -->
337    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
338    <!-- Bosnian -->
339    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">Bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
340    <!-- Catalan -->
341    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">Catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
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347    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
348    <!-- Greek -->
349    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x0395;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
350    <!-- English -->
351    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
352    <!-- Esperanto -->
353    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
354    <!-- Spanish -->
355    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">Espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
356    <!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
357    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>&nbsp;[fa]</li>
358    <!-- French -->
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382    <!-- Portuguese -->
383    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt.html">Portugu&#x0ea;s</a>&nbsp;[pt]</li>
384    <!-- Romanian -->
385    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">Rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
386    <!-- Russian -->
387    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#1056;&#1091;&#1089;&#1089;&#1082;&#1080;&#1081;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
388    <!--- Slovenian -->
389    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">Slovinsko</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
390    <!-- Serbian -->
391    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0421;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
392    <!-- Swedish -->
393    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">Svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
394    <!-- Tamil -->
395    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
396    <!-- Tagalog -->
397    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
398    <!-- Turkish -->
399    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
400    <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
401    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
402    <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
403    <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
404    </ul>
405    </div>
406    
407    </div>
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