What is Free Software?
+ -What is free software?
- -- --Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? -See our other licensing resources, -and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab -at licensing@fsf.org.
-
The Free Software Definition
- --- +-The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a -particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to -time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions -about subtle issues. See the History section -below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free -software. -
-
“Free software” means software that respects users' freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the @@ -38,13 +29,21 @@ software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” not as in -“free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre +“free beer.” We sometimes call it “libre software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for “free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software is gratis.
+You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may +have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your +copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, +even to sell copies. +
+We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the @@ -55,21 +54,89 @@ an instrument of unjust power.
-The four essential freedoms
++“Open source” is something different: it has a very +different philosophy based on different values. Its practical +definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are +in fact free. We explain the +difference in +Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software. +
+ ++
Table of contents
+-
+
- The Free Software Definition + + +
- Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree
+
-
+
- The freedom to run the program as you + wish +
- The freedom to study the source code and make + changes +
- The freedom to redistribute if you wish: + basic requirements +
- Copyleft +
- Rules about packaging and distribution + details +
- Export regulations +
- Legal considerations +
- Contract-based licenses +
+ - The Free Software Definition in Practice + + +
- Beyond Software +
- History +
+Have a question about free software licensing not answered here? +See our other licensing resources, +and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab +at licensing@fsf.org.
++
The Free Software Definition
+ ++The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a +particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to +time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions +about subtle issues. See the History section +below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free +software. +
+The four essential freedoms
A program is free software if the program's users have the -four essential freedoms: +four essential freedoms: [1]
--
+
- The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0).
- The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. -
- The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor +
- The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others (freedom 2).
- The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
@@ -93,21 +160,54 @@
are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.
+
+
Free software can be commercial
+ ++“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” +On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use, +commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is +of fundamental importance—without this, free software could not +achieve its aims. +
+ ++We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses +and their workers. That requires allowing commercial use. We hope +that free replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary +programs, but they can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use +them. We want commercial products that contain software to include +the GNU system, and that would constitute commercial distribution for +a price. Commercial development of free software is no longer +unusual; such free commercial software is very important. Paid, +professional support for free software fills an important need. +
+-“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free -program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, -and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software -is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. -You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have -obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies, -you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to -sell copies. +Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial +distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its +path to success. We must conclude that a program licensed with such +restrictions does not qualify as free software.
-The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes -specific freedoms adequate or not.
++A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that +obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the +conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous +distribution of it. Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some +users, or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise +them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus +renders the program nonfree. +
+ + +Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree
+ +In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the +various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a +program to be free.
-The freedom to run the program as you wish
+The freedom to run the program as you wish
The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person @@ -116,8 +216,8 @@ with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is the user's purpose that matters, not the developer's purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes, -and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it -for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her. +and if you distribute it to other people, they are then free to run it for +their purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on them.
@@ -127,11 +227,24 @@ functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any particular computing activity.
-The freedom to study the source code and make changes
+For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful +inputs—or even fails unconditionally—that may make the +program less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not +deny users the freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict +with freedom 0. If the program is free, the users can overcome the +loss of usefulness, because freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and +communities to make and distribute modified versions without the +arbitrary nuisance code.
+ +“As you wish” includes, optionally, “not at +all” if that is what you wish. So there is no need for a +separate “freedom not to run a program.”
+ +The freedom to study the source code and make changes
In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the -freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have +freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated “source code” is not real source code and does not count @@ -139,12 +252,18 @@
+Source code is defined as the preferred form of the program for making +changes in. Thus, whatever form a developer changes to develop +the program is the source code of that developer's version. +
+ +Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to -run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a -practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, +run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours—a +practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown,” or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure -boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a +boot”—freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a practical reality. These binaries are not free software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
@@ -152,8 +271,8 @@One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you -cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it -requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the +cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module—for instance, if it +requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add—then the license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
@@ -163,7 +282,14 @@ someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free. -The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic requirements
++One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it +returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program. +Thus, freedom 1 includes the “freedom to delete the program.” +
+ +The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic +requirements
Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either @@ -184,7 +310,7 @@ Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be -a copyleft license. However, a +a copyleft license. However, a license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify as a free license.
@@ -200,12 +326,12 @@ make them. -Copyleft
+Copyleft
Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central -freedoms. For example, copyleft +freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it @@ -225,7 +351,7 @@ relate to each other.
-Rules about packaging and distribution details
+Rules about packaging and distribution details
Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, @@ -260,10 +386,10 @@ facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an alias for the modified version.
-Export regulations
+Export regulations
-Sometimes government export control regulations +Sometimes government export control regulations and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do @@ -284,7 +410,7 @@ software nonfree.
-Legal considerations
+Legal considerations
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and @@ -297,7 +423,7 @@
A free license may not require compliance with the license of a nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to -comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in +comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use,” in the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the license nonfree. @@ -308,7 +434,7 @@ law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
-Contract-based licenses
+Contract-based licenses
Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits @@ -329,23 +455,12 @@ it is nonfree.
-Use the right words when talking about free software
+The Free Software Definition in Practice
--When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms -like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that -the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such -as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See -Confusing Words and Phrases that -are Worth Avoiding for a discussion of these terms. We also have -a list of proper translations of -“free software” into various languages. -
- -How we interpret these criteria
+How we interpret these criteria
-Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software +Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license, we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their @@ -358,7 +473,7 @@ it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
-Get help with free licenses
+Get help with free licenses
If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free @@ -382,6 +497,27 @@ and avoid various practical problems.
+Use the right words when talking about free software
+ ++When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms +like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms imply that +the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such +as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See +Confusing Words and Phrases that +are Worth Avoiding for a discussion of these terms. We also have +a list of proper translations of +“free software” into various languages. +
+ ++Another group uses the term “open source” to mean +something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We +prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that +it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The +word “open” never refers to freedom. +
+Beyond Software
@@ -392,9 +528,9 @@
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of -practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, +practical use—that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, such as educational works and reference -works. Wikipedia is the best-known +works. Wikipedia is the best-known example.
@@ -404,17 +540,6 @@ free cultural works applicable to any kind of works. -Open Source?
- --Another group uses the term “open source” to mean -something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We -prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that -it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The -word “open” -never refers to freedom. -
-History
From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is @@ -423,74 +548,84 @@
-
-
- Version
+
- Version +1.169: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply +to commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the +freedom not to run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there +is no need to state those as separate requirements.
+ +- Version +1.165: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not +negate freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them.
+ +- Version 1.153: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops you from making it run.
-- Version +
- Version 1.141: Clarify which code needs to be free.
-- Version +
- Version 1.135: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program as you wish.
-- Version +
- Version 1.134: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.
-- Version +
- Version 1.131: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license of another program.
-- Version +
- Version 1.129: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)
-- Version +
- Version 1.122: An export control requirement is a real problem if the requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.
-- Version +
- Version 1.118: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify, not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited to “improvements”
-- Version +
- Version 1.111: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only retroactive restrictions are unacceptable. The copyright holders can always grant additional permission for use of the work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.
-- Version +
- Version 1.105: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified version for your computing.
-- Version +
- Version 1.92: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.
-- Version +
- Version 1.90: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate in someone else's development project.
-- Version +
- Version 1.89: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as free software.
-- Version +
- Version 1.80: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical; i.e., no tivoization.
-- Version +
- Version 1.77: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete replacement.
-- Version +
- Version 1.74: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated in some places but not reflected everywhere:
--
-
- "Improvements" does not mean the license can +
- “Improvements” does not mean the license can substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release. Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.
- The right to merge in existing modules @@ -500,38 +635,38 @@
- Version -1.57: Add "Beyond Software" section.
+- Version +1.57: Add “Beyond Software” section.
-- Version +
- Version 1.46: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run the program for any purpose.
-- Version +
- Version 1.41: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.
-- Version +
- Version 1.40: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other available free software to create your modifications.
-- Version +
- Version 1.39: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to provide source for versions of the software you put into public use.
-- Version +
- Version 1.31: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor clarifications throughout the text.
-- Version +
- Version 1.23: Address potential problems related to contract-based licenses.
-- Version +
- Version 1.16: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.
-- Version +
- Version 1.11: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of versions you distribute to previous developers on request.
@@ -542,13 +677,23 @@ interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page. You can review the complete list of changes to the page through -the cvsweb +the cvsweb interface. + +Footnote
+-
+
- The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around +1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that +the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly. +It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should +precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it freedom 0. +
- Version
+