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-revision 1.91 by karl,
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+revision 1.152 by ineiev,
Tue Dec 27 17:56:49 2016 UTC
 Line 1
  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+ <!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
- <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+ <title>What is free software?
+ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
- <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
- <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
- <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
+ <h2>What is free software?</h2>
+ <blockquote class="note" id="fsf-licensing"><p style="font-size: 80%">
+ Have a question about free software licensing not answered here?
+ See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">licensing resources</a>,
+ and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab
+ at <a href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+ The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+ particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
+ time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+ about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
+ below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+ software.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
  <p>
- We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
- true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+ freedom and community.  Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
- software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+ freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
- If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+ software</b>.  Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of
- the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
+ liberty, not price.  To understand the concept, you should think of
+ &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in
+ &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.  We sometimes call it &ldquo;libre
+ software,&rdquo; borrowing the French or Spanish word for
+ &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
+ is gratis.
  </p>
  <p>
- &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
+ We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them.  With
- the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo;
+ these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
- not as in &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;
+ the program and what it does for them.  When users don't control the
+ program, we call it a &ldquo;nonfree&rdquo; or
+ &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program.  The nonfree program controls the
+ users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
+ program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+ an instrument of unjust power</a>.
  </p>
+ <h4> The four essential freedoms</h4>
  <p>
- Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+ A program is free software if the program's users have the
- study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it means that the
+ four essential freedoms:
- program's users have the four essential freedoms:
  </p>
  <ul>
-   <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
+   <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish,
-   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make
+       for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
-       it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
-       precondition for this.
+       does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+       code is a precondition for this.
    </li>
    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
        (freedom 2).
-Line 48 
 program's users have the four essential
+Line 80 
 program's users have the four essential
  </ul>
  <p>
- A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,
+ A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
- you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+ freedoms.  Otherwise, it is nonfree.  While we can distinguish various
- modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+ nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
- <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
+ being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
- things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
- for permission to do so.
+ <p>In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code
- </p>
+ we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of.  For instance,
+ consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to
+ handle some cases.  If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that
+ implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B
+ are free.  However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
+ only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p>
  <p>
- You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.  A free
- privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+ program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
- exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+ and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
- notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+ is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+ You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+ obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
+ you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+ <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
  </p>
+ <p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes
+ specific freedoms adequate or not.</p>
+ <h4>The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4>
  <p>
  The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
-Line 75 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
+Line 121 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
  </p>
  <p>
- The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+ The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not
- forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+ forbidden or stopped from doing so.  It has nothing to do with what
- unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+ functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you
- for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there
+ want to do.</p>
- is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
- (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+ <h4>The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4>
- freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
- make them.
- </p>
  <p>
  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
- freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+ freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
- source code is a necessary condition for free software.
+ source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
+ &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
+ as source code.
  </p>
  <p>
  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
- run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash;
+ run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
- a practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or (through
+ practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
- blacklisting) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a
+ or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
- theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.  This is not
+ boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
- sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not free software
+ practical reality.  These binaries are not free
- even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
+ software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 112 
 license is too restrictive to qualify as
+Line 157 
 license is too restrictive to qualify as
  </p>
  <p>
- Freedom 3 includes the freedom to use release your modified versions
+ Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+ If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
+ someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
+ </p>
+ <h4>The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic requirements</h4>
+ <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
+ redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
+ gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+ <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
+ things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+ for permission to do so.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+ privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+ exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+ notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
  as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of
  releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
  a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a
-Line 121 
 as a free license.
+Line 189 
 as a free license.
  </p>
  <p>
- In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+ The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
- irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+ forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
- software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+ unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
- its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+ for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there
- software is not free.
+ is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+ (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+ freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+ make them.
  </p>
+ <h4>Copyleft</h4>
  <p>
- However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+ Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
- freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
+ freedoms.  For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
- when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
+ (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
- other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with
+ you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
- the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+ This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
+ protects them.
  </p>
  <p>
- &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo;  A free
+ In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
- program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+ legally for everyone.  We believe there are important reasons why
- and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
+ <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
- is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+ copyleft</a>.  However,
- You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+ <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
- obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,
+ noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical
- you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+ too.  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
- <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+ Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo;
+ &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software
+ relate to each other.
+ </p>
+ <h4>Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4>
+ <p>
+ Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+ if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
+ versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
+ Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+ name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+ modifications as yours.  As long as these requirements are not so
+ burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+ changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+ the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
  </p>
  <p>
- Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+ Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
- If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+ must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
- someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+ on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+ saying that if you have distributed a
+ modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+ must send one.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+ whether to distribute your version at all.)  Rules that require release
+ of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+ are also acceptable.
  </p>
  <p>
- However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
+ A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
- don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
+ which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
- your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that &ldquo;if
+ effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
- you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
+ can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
- that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
+ sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
- such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
+ facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
- at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
+ alias for the modified version.</p>
- versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
- acceptable for the license to require that you identify
- your modifications as yours, or that, if you have distributed a modified
- version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you must send
- one.
- </p>
- <p>
+ <h4>Export regulations</h4>
- In the GNU project, we use
- &ldquo;<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>&rdquo;
- to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
- <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
- free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
- <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
- but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
- ethical.
- </p>
- <p>
- See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
- for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo;
- and other categories of software relate to each other.
- </p>
  <p>
  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
-Line 194 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
+Line 269 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
- must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
+ must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
- any of the essential freedoms.
+ condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
+ them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
+ not restrict users.  If an export regulation is actually trivial for
+ free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
+ problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
+ export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
+ software nonfree.
+ </p>
+ <h4>Legal considerations</h4>
+ <p>
+ In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+ irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+ software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
+ restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
+ cause, the software is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
+ A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
+ nonfree program.  Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
+ comply with the licenses of &ldquo;all the programs you use&rdquo;, in
+ the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
+ compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
+ license nonfree.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
+ law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
+ </p>
+ <h4>Contract-based licenses</h4>
+ <p>
  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
  on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a
  copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
-Line 217 
 legitimate, we will have to think about
+Line 328 
 legitimate, we will have to think about
  it is nonfree.
  </p>
+ <h4>Use the right words when talking about free software</h4>
  <p>
  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
  like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
-Line 228 
 a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs
+Line 341 
 a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs
  &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
  </p>
+ <h4>How we interpret these criteria</h4>
  <p>
  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide
-Line 242 
 a conclusion about a new issue, we often
+Line 357 
 a conclusion about a new issue, we often
  it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
  </p>
+ <h4>Get help with free licenses</h4>
  <p>
  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
  software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
-Line 264 
 help you can ensure that the license rea
+Line 381 
 help you can ensure that the license rea
  and avoid various practical problems.
  </p>
- <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+ <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
  <p>
  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
-Line 276 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
+Line 393 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
  such as educational works and reference
- works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
+ works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
  example.
  </p>
-Line 286 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
+Line 403 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
  </p>
- <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+ <h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
  <p>
- Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
+ Another group uses the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
- something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;  We
+ something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;.  We
  prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
  never refers to freedom</a>.
  </p>
- <h2 id="History">History</h2>
+ <h3 id="History">History</h3>
- <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+ <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
- clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+ the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
- links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+ was changed.</p>
- them if they like.</p>
  <ul>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.140&amp;r2=1.141">Version
+.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.134&amp;r2=1.135">Version
+.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
+ as you wish.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.133&amp;r2=1.134">Version
+.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.130&amp;r2=1.131">Version
+.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
+ of another program.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.128&amp;r2=1.129">Version
+.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
+ specifications are allowed.  (This was always our policy.)</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
+.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
+ requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.117&amp;r2=1.118">Version
+.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
+ not on what modifications you have made.  And modifications are not limited
+ to &ldquo;improvements&rdquo;</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
+.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
+ retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable.  The copyright
+ holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
+ work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
+.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+ (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+ version for your computing.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
+.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
 .90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
  of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
-Line 371 
 licenses.</li>
+Line 528 
 licenses.</li>
  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
 .11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
- versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+ versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li>
  </ul>
- <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+ <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
- changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+ other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
- Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
+ interpretations.  For instance, the list does not include changes in
- like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+ asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
- our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
+ You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
+ the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
  interface</a>.</p>
- </div>
+ </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
  <div id="footer">
+ <div class="unprintable">
- <p>
+ <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
- Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
- the FSF.
+ the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
- <br />
+ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
- Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
- <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
+ <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
- </p>
+         replace it with the translation of these two:
+         We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+         translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+         Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
+         <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+         our web pages, see <a
+         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+         README</a>. -->
+ Please see the <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+ of this article.</p>
+ </div>
- <p>
+ <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- Please see the
+      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+      be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
- README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- translations of this article.
+      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- </p>
+      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+      document was modified, or published.
+      If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+      Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+      years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+      year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+      being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+ <p>Copyright &copy; 1996, 2002, 2004-2007, 2009-2016
+ Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+ <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+ href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+ Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
- <p>
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
- Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-, 2006, 2007, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- </p>
- <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
- permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
- preserved.
- </p>
- <p>
+ <p class="unprintable">Updated:
- Updated:
  <!-- timestamp start -->
  $Date$
  <!-- timestamp end -->
  </p>
  </div>
- <div id="translations">
- <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
- <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
- <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
- <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
- <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
- <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
- <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
- <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
- <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
- <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
- <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
- <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
- <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
- <ul class="translations-list">
- <!-- Afrikaans -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
- <!-- Arabic -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
- <!-- Azerbaijani -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
- <!-- Bulgarian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
- <!-- Bengali -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
- <!-- Bosnian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
- <!-- Catalan -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
- <!-- Czech -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
- <!-- Danish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
- <!-- German -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
- <!-- Greek -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x03b5;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
- <!-- English -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
- <!-- Esperanto -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
- <!-- Spanish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
- <!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>&nbsp;[fa]</li>
- <!-- French -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
- <!-- Galician -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
- <!-- Hebrew -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>
- <!-- Croatian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>
- <!-- Hungarian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
- <!-- Indonesian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>
- <!-- Italian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
- <!-- Japanese -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
- <!-- Korean -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
- <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>
- <!-- Dutch -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>
- <!-- Polish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
- <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
- <!-- Romanian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
- <!-- Russian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
- <!-- Slovak -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li>
- <!--- Slovenian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
- <!-- Serbian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
- <!-- Swedish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
- <!-- Tamil -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
- <!-- Tagalog -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
- <!-- Turkish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
- <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
- <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
- </ul>
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