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<title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title> |
<title>What is free software? |
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- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> |
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<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" /> |
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<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." /> |
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." /> |
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<p> |
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“Free software” means software that respects users' |
“Free software” means software that respects users' |
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freedom and community. Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run, |
freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the |
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copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. With these |
freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the |
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freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the |
software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of |
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program and what it does for them. |
liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of |
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“free” as in “free speech,” not as in |
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“free beer”. |
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When users don't control the program, the program controls the users. |
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The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users. |
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This nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an |
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instrument of unjust power. |
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Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. |
We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With |
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To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as |
these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control |
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in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”. |
the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the |
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program, we call it a “nonfree” or |
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“proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the |
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users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the |
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program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"> |
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an instrument of unjust power</a>. |
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<p> |
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A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus, |
A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these |
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you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without |
freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various |
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modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to |
nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of |
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being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p> |
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<p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes |
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specific freedoms adequate or not.</p> |
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<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to |
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redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either |
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gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to |
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<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these |
<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these |
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things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay |
things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay |
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for permission to do so. |
for permission to do so. |
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is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
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way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
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jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
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must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of |
must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a |
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any of the essential freedoms. |
condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms. |
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Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making |
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them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does |
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not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for |
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free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual |
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problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in |
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export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the |
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software nonfree. |
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It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's |
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law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both. |
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<p> |
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<ul> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129">Version |
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1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum |
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specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version |
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1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the |
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requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118">Version |
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1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify, |
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not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited |
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to “improvements”</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version |
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version |
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1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only |
1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only |
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retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright |
retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright |
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</ul> |
</ul> |
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<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are |
<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are |
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other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such. |
other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its |
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These changes are in other parts of the page. You can review the |
interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in |
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complete list of changes to the page through |
asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page. |
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You can review the complete list of changes to the page through |
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the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
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interface</a>.</p> |
interface</a>.</p> |
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<p> |
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to |
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Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to |
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<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. |
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. |
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There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
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the FSF. |
the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent |
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to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> |
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Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to |
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<a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>. |
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<p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of |
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<p> |
<p>Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013 |
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Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p> |
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Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010, 2012 Free Software |
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