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-revision 1.76 by brett,
Wed Dec 10 20:42:41 2008 UTC
+revision 1.110 by rms,
Mon Feb 20 07:41:23 2012 UTC
 Line 1
  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
- <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+ <title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
 Line 8
  <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
- <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
+ <h2>What is free software?</h2>
+ <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+ <blockquote>
+ The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+ particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
+ time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+ about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
+ below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+ software.
+ </blockquote>
+ <p>
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
+ freedom and community.  Roughly, the users have the freedom to run,
+ copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.  With these
+ freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the
+ program and what it does for them.
+ </p>
  <p>
- We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+ When users don't control the program, the program controls the users.
- true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+ The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users.
- software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+ This nonfree or &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program is therefore an
- If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+ instrument of unjust power.
- the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
  </p>
  <p>
- <q>Free software</q> is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
+ Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.
- the concept, you should think of <q>free</q> as in <q>free speech,</q>
+ To understand the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as
- not as in <q>free beer.</q>
+ in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.
  </p>
  <p>
- Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+ A program is free software if the program's users have the
- study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it refers to
+ four essential freedoms:
- four kinds of freedom, for the users of the software:
  </p>
  <ul>
    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
-   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to
+   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
-       your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition
+       does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
-       for this.
+       code is a precondition for this.
    </li>
    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
        (freedom 2).
    </li>
-   <li>The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements
+   <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
-       (and modified versions in general)
+       to others (freedom 3).  By doing this you can give the whole
-       to the public, so that the whole community benefits (freedom 3).
+       community a chance to benefit from your changes.
        Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
    </li>
  </ul>
-Line 53 
 you should be free to redistribute copie
+Line 71 
 you should be free to redistribute copie
  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
- for permission.
+ for permission to do so.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 69 
 or organization to use it on any kind of
+Line 87 
 or organization to use it on any kind of
  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
  with the developer or any other specific entity.  In this freedom, it is
  the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
- purpose; you as a user are free to run a program for your purposes,
+ purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
  and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
  for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
  </p>
-Line 78 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
+Line 96 
 for her purposes, but you are not entitl
  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
- for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is ok if there
+ for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there
  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
  (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
  freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
-Line 86 
 make them.
+Line 104 
 make them.
  </p>
  <p>
- In order for the freedoms to make changes, and to publish improved
+ In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
- versions, to be meaningful, you must have access to the source code of
+ freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
- the program.  Therefore, accessibility of source code is a necessary
+ access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
- condition for free software.
+ source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
+ &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
+ as source code.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+ the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+ run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
+ practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
+ or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
+ boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
+ than a practical freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other words,
+ these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+ compiled from is free.
  </p>
  <p>
  One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
  subroutines and modules.  If the program's license says that you
- cannot merge in a suitably-licensed existing module, such as if it
+ cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module &mdash; for instance, if it
- requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add, then the
+ requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add &mdash; then the
  license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
  </p>
  <p>
- In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be irrevocable as
+ Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
- long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the software has the
+ as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of
- power to revoke the license, or replace it with a different license
+ releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
- (since this implies revoking the old license),
+ a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a
- without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the software is not
+ license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
- free.
+ as a free license.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+ irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+ software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+ its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+ software is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 119 
 the central freedoms; rather it protects
+Line 159 
 the central freedoms; rather it protects
  </p>
  <p>
- <q>Free software</q> does not mean <q>non-commercial.</q>  A free
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.  A free
  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
  is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
-Line 136 
 someone else considers an improvement, t
+Line 176 
 someone else considers an improvement, t
  </p>
  <p>
- However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable, if they
+ However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
- don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified versions, or
+ if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
- your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  Rules that <q>if
+ versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
- you make your version available in this way, you must make it available in
+ Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
- that way also</q> can be acceptable too, on the same condition.  (Note that
+ name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
- such a rule still leaves you the choice of whether to publish your version
+ modifications as yours.  As long as these requirements are not so
- at all.)  Rules that require release of source code to the users for
+ burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
- versions that you put into public use are also acceptable.  It is also
+ changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
- acceptable for the license to require that, if you have distributed a
+ the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
+ which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
+ effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
+ can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
+ sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's an suitable aliasing
+ facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+ alias for the modified version.</p>
+ <p>
+ Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
+ must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
+ on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+ saying that if you have distributed a
  modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
- must send one, or that you identify yourself on your modifications.
+ must send one.  (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+ whether to distribute your version at all.)  Rules that require release
+ of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+ are also acceptable.
  </p>
  <p>
  In the GNU project, we use
- <q><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></q>
+ <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
- <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">non-copylefted
+ <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why
- <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html"> it is better to use copyleft</a>,
+ <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
- but if your program is non-copylefted free software, it is still basically
+ but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
- ethical.
+ ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate to each other.)
- </p>
- <p>
- See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a>
- for a description of how <q>free software,</q> <q>copylefted software</q>
- and other categories of software relate to each other.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 186 
 is unlikely to have some other sort of p
+Line 239 
 is unlikely to have some other sort of p
  (though this does happen occasionally).  However, some free software
  licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
  range of possible restrictions.  That means there are many possible ways
- such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and non-free.
+ such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 194 
 We can't possibly list all the ways that
+Line 247 
 We can't possibly list all the ways that
  contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
  copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
  legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
- it is non-free.
+ it is nonfree.
  </p>
  <p>
  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
- like <q>give away</q> or <q>for free,</q> because those terms imply that
+ like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
  the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
- as <q>piracy</q> embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
+ as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
  <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
  are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
- a list of <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+ a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
- <q>free software</q></a> into various languages.
+ &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 231 
 listed there, you can ask us about it by
+Line 284 
 listed there, you can ask us about it by
  </p>
  <p>
- If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the FSF
+ If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
- by writing to that address. The proliferation of different free software
+ Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
- licenses means increased work for users in understanding the licenses;
+ proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
- we may be able to help you find an existing Free Software license that
+ for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
- meets your needs.
+ find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
  </p>
  <p>
  If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
- help you can ensure that the license really is a Free Software license
+ help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
  and avoid various practical problems.
  </p>
-Line 256 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
+Line 309 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
  such as educational works and reference
- works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
+ works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
  example.
  </p>
-Line 269 
 free cultural works</a> applicable to an
+Line 322 
 free cultural works</a> applicable to an
  <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
  <p>
- Another group has started using the term <q>open source</q> to mean
+ Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
- something close (but not identical) to <q>free software.</q>  We
+ something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;.  We
- prefer the term <q>free software</q> because, once you have heard that
+ prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
- word <q>open</q> <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+ word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
  never refers to freedom</a>.
  </p>
  <h2 id="History">History</h2>
- <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+ <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
- clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+ the list of changes, along with links to show exactly what was
- links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+ changed.</p>
- them if they like.</p>
  <ul>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
+.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+ (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+ version for your computing.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
+.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
+.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+ of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+ in someone else's development project.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version
+.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+ free software.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
+.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+ i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
+.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+ unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+ replacement.</li>
  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
 .74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
  in some places but not reflected everywhere:
-Line 337 
 versions you distribute to the author.</
+Line 415 
 versions you distribute to the author.</
  </ul>
- <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+ <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
- changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+ other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such.
- Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
+ These changes are in other parts of the page.  You can review the
- like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+ complete list of changes to the page through
- our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
+ the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
  interface</a>.</p>
  </div>
-Line 352 
 interface</a>.</p>
+Line 430 
 interface</a>.</p>
  <p>
  Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
- <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><em>gnu@gnu.org</em></a>.
+ <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
  the FSF.
  <br />
  Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
- <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><em>webmasters@gnu.org</em></a>.
+ <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 368 
 translations of this article.
+Line 446 
 translations of this article.
  </p>
  <p>
- Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+ Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
-, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  </p>
- <address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
+ <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
- <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+ href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
- permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
+ Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
- preserved.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 385 
 $Date$
+Line 462 
 $Date$
  </p>
  </div>
- <div id="translations">
+ <!-- <div id="translations"> -->
- <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
+ <!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+ <!--  -->
- <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+ <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
- <!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+ <!--      Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
- <!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+ <!--      Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
- <!-- English is.  If you add a new language here, please -->
+ <!--      If you add a new language here, please -->
- <!-- advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
+ <!--      advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to -->
- <!--    - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+ <!--       - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
- <!--    - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+ <!--       - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
- <!--      one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+ <!--       - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
- <!--    - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+ <!--       to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
- <!--      to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+ <!--      Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
- <!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+ <!--      http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
- <!--     http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+ <!--      If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
- <ul class="translations-list">
+ <!--      use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+ <!--      Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+ <!--  -->
+ <!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
  <!-- Afrikaans -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
+ <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li> -->
  <!-- Arabic -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
+ <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li> -->
  <!-- Azerbaijani -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
+ <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li> -->
  <!-- Bulgarian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
+ <!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li> -->
  <!-- Bengali -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
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