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1  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
2    <!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
3  <title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>  <title>What is free software?
4    - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
5    
6  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
7  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
 <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />  
 <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />  
8    
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9  <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->  <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
10    <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
11    
12  <h2>What is free software?</h2>  <h2>What is free software?</h2>
13    <!--#include virtual="/licenses/fsf-licensing.html" -->
14    
15  <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>  <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
16    
17  <blockquote>  <blockquote>
18    <p>
19  The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a  The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
20  particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to  particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
21  time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions  time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
22  about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>  about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
23  below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free  below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
24  software.  software.
25    </p>
26  </blockquote>  </blockquote>
27    
28  <p>  <p>
29  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
30  freedom and community.  Roughly, the users have the freedom to run,  freedom and community.  Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
31  copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.  With these  freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
32  freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the  software</b>.  Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of
33  program and what it does for them.  liberty, not price.  To understand the concept, you should think of
34  </p>  &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in
35    &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.  We sometimes call it &ldquo;libre
36  <p>  software&rdquo; to show we do not mean it is gratis.
 When users don't control the program, the program controls the users.  
 The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users.  
 This nonfree or &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program is therefore an  
 instrument of unjust power.  
37  </p>  </p>
38    
39  <p>  <p>
40  Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.  We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them.  With
41  To understand the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as  these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
42  in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.  the program and what it does for them.  When users don't control the
43    program, we call it a &ldquo;nonfree&rdquo; or
44    &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program.  The nonfree program controls the
45    users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
46    program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
47    an instrument of unjust power</a>.
48  </p>  </p>
49    
50  <p>  <p>
# Line 50  four essential freedoms: Line 53  four essential freedoms:
53  </p>  </p>
54    
55  <ul>  <ul>
56    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>    <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish,
57          for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
58    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
59        does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source        does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
60        code is a precondition for this.        code is a precondition for this.
# Line 66  four essential freedoms: Line 70  four essential freedoms:
70  </ul>  </ul>
71    
72  <p>  <p>
73  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,  A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
74  you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without  freedoms.  Otherwise, it is nonfree.  While we can distinguish various
75  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to  nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
76    being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
77    
78    <p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes
79    specific freedoms adequate or not.</p>
80    
81    <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
82    redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
83    gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
84  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
85  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
86  for permission to do so.  for permission to do so.
# Line 93  for her purposes, but you are not entitl Line 105  for her purposes, but you are not entitl
105  </p>  </p>
106    
107  <p>  <p>
108    The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not
109    forbidden or stopped from doing so.  It has nothing to do with what
110    functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you
111    want to do.</p>
112    
113    <p>
114  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
115  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
116  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
# Line 105  make them. Line 123  make them.
123    
124  <p>  <p>
125  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
126  freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have  freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
127  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
128  source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated  source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
129  &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count  &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
# Line 118  the original.  If the program is deliver Line 136  the original.  If the program is deliver
136  run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a  run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
137  practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,  practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
138  or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure  or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
139  boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather  boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
140  than a practical freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other words,  practical reality.  These binaries are not free
141  these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are  software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
 compiled from is free.  
142  </p>  </p>
143    
144  <p>  <p>
# Line 144  as a free license. Line 161  as a free license.
161  <p>  <p>
162  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
163  irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the  irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
164  software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change  software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
165  its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the  restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
166  software is not free.  cause, the software is not free.
167  </p>  </p>
168    
169  <p>  <p>
170  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
171  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
172  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that  freedoms.  For example, <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
173  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny  (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
174  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with  you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
175  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.  This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
176    protects them.
177    </p>
178    
179    <p>
180    In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
181    legally for everyone.  We believe there are important reasons why
182    <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
183    copyleft</a>.  However,
184    <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
185    noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical
186    too.  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
187    Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo;
188    &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software
189    relate to each other.
190  </p>  </p>
191    
192  <p>  <p>
# Line 171  you always have the freedom to copy and Line 202  you always have the freedom to copy and
202    
203  <p>  <p>
204  Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.  Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
205  If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that  If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
206  someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.  someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
207  </p>  </p>
208    
209  <p>  <p>
# Line 188  the program, so you won't have trouble m Line 219  the program, so you won't have trouble m
219  </p>  </p>
220    
221  <p>  <p>
 A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by  
 which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That  
 effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it  
 can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This  
 sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's an suitable aliasing  
 facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an  
 alias for the modified version.</p>  
   
 <p>  
222  Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you  Rules that &ldquo;if you make your version available in this way, you
223  must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,  must make it available in that way also&rdquo; can be acceptable too,
224  on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one  on the same condition.  An example of such an acceptable rule is one
# Line 209  are also acceptable. Line 231  are also acceptable.
231  </p>  </p>
232    
233  <p>  <p>
234  In the GNU project, we use  A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
235  <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>  which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
236  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
237  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted  can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
238  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why  sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
239  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,  facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
240  but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically  alias for the modified version.</p>
 ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate to each other.)  
 </p>  
241    
242  <p>  <p>
243  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
# Line 227  eliminate or override these restrictions Line 247  eliminate or override these restrictions
247  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
248  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
249  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
250  must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of  must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
251  any of the essential freedoms.  condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
252    </p>
253    
254    <p>
255    Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
256    them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
257    not restrict users.  If an export regulation is actually trivial for
258    free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
259    problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
260    export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
261    software nonfree.
262    </p>
263    
264    <p>
265    A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
266    nonfree program.  Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
267    comply with the licenses of &ldquo;all the programs you use&rdquo;, in
268    the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
269    compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
270    license nonfree.
271    </p>
272    
273    <p>
274    It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
275    law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
276  </p>  </p>
277    
278  <p>  <p>
# Line 297  help you can ensure that the license rea Line 341  help you can ensure that the license rea
341  and avoid various practical problems.  and avoid various practical problems.
342  </p>  </p>
343    
344  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>  <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
345    
346  <p>  <p>
347  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
# Line 319  has been extended to a definition of <a Line 363  has been extended to a definition of <a
363  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
364  </p>  </p>
365    
366  <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>  <h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
367    
368  <p>  <p>
369  Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean  Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
# Line 330  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philos Line 374  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philos
374  never refers to freedom</a>.  never refers to freedom</a>.
375  </p>  </p>
376    
377  <h2 id="History">History</h2>  <h3 id="History">History</h3>
378    
379  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
380  the list of changes, along with links to show exactly what was  the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
381  changed.</p>  was changed.</p>
382    
383  <ul>  <ul>
384    
385    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.134&amp;r2=1.135">Version
386    1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
387    as you wish.</li>
388    
389    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.133&amp;r2=1.134">Version
390    1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li>
391    
392    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.130&amp;r2=1.131">Version
393    1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
394    of another program.</li>
395    
396    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.128&amp;r2=1.129">Version
397    1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
398    specifications are allowed.  (This was always our policy.)</li>
399    
400    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
401    1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
402    requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
403    
404    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.117&amp;r2=1.118">Version
405    1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
406    not on what modifications you have made.  And modifications are not limited
407    to &ldquo;improvements&rdquo;</li>
408    
409    <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
410    1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
411    retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable.  The copyright
412    holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
413    work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
414    
415  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
416  1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point  1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
417  (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified  (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
# Line 416  versions you distribute to the author.</ Line 490  versions you distribute to the author.</
490  </ul>  </ul>
491    
492  <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are  <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
493  other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such.  other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
494  These changes are in other parts of the page.  You can review the  interpretations.  For instance, the list does not include changes in
495  complete list of changes to the page through  asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
496    You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
497  the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb  the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
498  interface</a>.</p>  interface</a>.</p>
499    
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500    
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502  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
   
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504    <div class="unprintable">
505    
506  <p>  <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
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507  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
508  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
509  the FSF.  the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
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514    
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