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<title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title> |
<title>What is free software? |
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- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title> |
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<h2>The Free Software Definition</h2> |
<h2>What is free software?</h2> |
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<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3> |
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<blockquote> |
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<p> |
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The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a |
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particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to |
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time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions |
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about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a> |
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below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free |
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software. |
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</p> |
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</blockquote> |
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<p> |
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“Free software” means software that respects users' |
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freedom and community. Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run, |
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copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. With these |
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freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the |
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program and what it does for them. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be |
When users don't control the program, the program controls the users. |
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true about a particular software program for it to be considered free |
The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users. |
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software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it. |
This nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an |
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If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see |
instrument of unjust power. |
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the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand |
Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. |
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the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” |
To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as |
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not as in “free beer.” |
in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, |
A program is free software if the program's users have the |
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study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the |
four essential freedoms: |
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program's users have the four essential freedoms: |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<ul> |
<ul> |
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<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
<li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
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<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make |
<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it |
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it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a |
does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source |
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precondition for this. |
code is a precondition for this. |
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</li> |
</li> |
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<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor |
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(freedom 2). |
(freedom 2). |
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<p> |
<p> |
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In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the |
In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the |
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freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have |
freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have |
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access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of |
access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of |
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source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated |
source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated |
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“source code” is not real source code and does not count |
“source code” is not real source code and does not count |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of |
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the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to |
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run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — |
run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a |
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a practice known as “tivoization” or (in its practitioners' |
practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”, |
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perverse terminology) as “secure boot” — freedom 1 becomes a |
or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure |
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theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom. This is not |
boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather |
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sufficient. In other words, these binaries are not free software |
than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words, |
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even if the source code they are compiled from is free. |
these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are |
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compiled from is free. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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<p> |
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In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and |
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irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the |
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software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change |
software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add |
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its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the |
restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give |
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software is not free. |
cause, the software is not free. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
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“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A free |
“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free |
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program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
program must be available for commercial use, commercial development, |
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and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software |
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is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important. |
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<p> |
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Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. |
Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter. |
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If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that |
If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that |
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someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom. |
someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by |
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which the program will be invoked from other programs. That |
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effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it |
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can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This |
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sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing |
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facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an |
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alias for the modified version.</p> |
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<p> |
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In the GNU project, we use |
In the GNU project, we use |
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<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> |
<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> |
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to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But |
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is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this |
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way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the |
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jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses |
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must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of |
must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a |
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any of the essential freedoms. |
condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms. |
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</p> |
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<p> |
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Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making |
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them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does |
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not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for |
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free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual |
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problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in |
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export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the |
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software nonfree. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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and avoid various practical problems. |
and avoid various practical problems. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2> |
<h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, |
<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>, |
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The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of |
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practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge, |
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such as educational works and reference |
such as educational works and reference |
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works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known |
works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known |
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example. |
example. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. |
free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2> |
<h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3> |
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<p> |
<p> |
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Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean |
Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean |
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something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We |
something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We |
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prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that |
prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that |
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it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The |
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word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
word “open” <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> |
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never refers to freedom</a>. |
never refers to freedom</a>. |
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</p> |
</p> |
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<h2 id="History">History</h2> |
<h3 id="History">History</h3> |
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<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to |
<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is |
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clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with |
the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what |
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links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review |
was changed.</p> |
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them if they like.</p> |
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<ul> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version |
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1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the |
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requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version |
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1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only |
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retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright |
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holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the |
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work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version |
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1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point |
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(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified |
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version for your computing.</li> |
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<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version |
<li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version |
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1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> |
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li> |
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</ul> |
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<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other |
<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are |
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changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all. |
other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such. |
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Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would |
These changes are in other parts of the page. You can review the |
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like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on |
complete list of changes to the page through |
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our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb |
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interface</a>.</p> |
interface</a>.</p> |
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There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a> [eo]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a> [gl]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li> |
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<!-- Hungarian --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> |
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<!-- Indonesian --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li> |
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<!-- Italian --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> |
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<!-- Japanese --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li> |
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<!-- Korean --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li> |
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<!-- Norwegian Bokmål --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> |
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<!-- Dutch --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> |
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<!-- Polish --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">português do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li> |
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<!-- Russian --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li> |
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<!-- Slovak --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li> |
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<!--- Slovenian --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li> |
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<!-- Serbian --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li> |
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<!-- Swedish --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> |
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<!-- Tamil --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li> |
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<!-- Tagalog --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> |
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<!-- Turkish --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> |
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<!-- Chinese (Simplified) --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li> |
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<!-- Chinese (Traditional) --> |
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<li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li> |
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