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Parent Directory | Revision Log | View Patch Patch

-revision 1.102 by rms,
Mon Nov  8 20:25:05 2010 UTC
+revision 1.123 by ineiev,
Tue Jun 18 05:16:52 2013 UTC
 Line 1
  <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+ <!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
- <title>The Free Software Definition - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+ <title>What is free software?
+ - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
  <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to share and improve the software they use." />
  <link rel="alternate" title="What's New" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
  <link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software" href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss" type="application/rss+xml" />
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
- <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>
+ <h2>What is free software?</h2>
+ <h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+ <blockquote>
+ <p>
+ The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+ particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
+ time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+ about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
+ below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+ software.
+ </p>
+ </blockquote>
+ <p>
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
+ freedom and community.  Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run,
+ copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>.  With these
+ freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the
+ program and what it does for them.
+ </p>
  <p>
- We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+ When users don't control the program, the program controls the users.
- true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+ The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users.
- software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+ This nonfree or &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program is therefore an
- If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+ instrument of unjust power.
- the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
  </p>
  <p>
- &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand
+ Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.
- the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo;
+ To understand the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as
- not as in &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;
+ in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.
  </p>
  <p>
- Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+ A program is free software if the program's users have the
- study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it means that the
+ four essential freedoms:
- program's users have the four essential freedoms:
  </p>
  <ul>
    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
-   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make
+   <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
-       it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a
+       does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
-       precondition for this.
+       code is a precondition for this.
    </li>
    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
        (freedom 2).
-Line 87 
 make them.
+Line 108 
 make them.
  <p>
  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
- freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+ freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
  source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
  &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
-Line 97 
 as source code.
+Line 118 
 as source code.
  <p>
  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
- run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash;
+ run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
- a practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or (in its practitioners'
+ practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
- perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a
+ or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
- theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.  This is not
+ boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
- sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not free software
+ than a practical freedom.  This is not sufficient.  In other words,
- even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
+ these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+ compiled from is free.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 125 
 as a free license.
+Line 147 
 as a free license.
  <p>
  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
  irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
- software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+ software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
- its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+ restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
- software is not free.
+ cause, the software is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 140 
 the central freedoms; rather it protects
+Line 162 
 the central freedoms; rather it protects
  </p>
  <p>
- &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo;  A free
+ &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.  A free
  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software
  is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
-Line 152 
 you always have the freedom to copy and
+Line 174 
 you always have the freedom to copy and
  <p>
  Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
- If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+ If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
- someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+ someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 181 
 are also acceptable.
+Line 203 
 are also acceptable.
  </p>
  <p>
+ A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
+ which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
+ effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
+ can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
+ sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
+ facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+ alias for the modified version.</p>
+ <p>
  In the GNU project, we use
  <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But
-Line 199 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
+Line 230 
 eliminate or override these restrictions
  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
- must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
+ must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
- any of the essential freedoms.
+ condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
+ them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
+ not restrict users.  If an export regulation is actually trivial for
+ free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
+ problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
+ export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
+ software nonfree.
  </p>
  <p>
-Line 269 
 help you can ensure that the license rea
+Line 310 
 help you can ensure that the license rea
  and avoid various practical problems.
  </p>
- <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+ <h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
  <p>
  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
-Line 281 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
+Line 322 
 manuals are in effect part of the softwa
  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
  such as educational works and reference
- works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known
+ works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
  example.
  </p>
-Line 291 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
+Line 332 
 has been extended to a definition of <a
  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
  </p>
- <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+ <h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
  <p>
  Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
- something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;  We
+ something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;.  We
  prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
  it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
  word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
  never refers to freedom</a>.
  </p>
- <h2 id="History">History</h2>
+ <h3 id="History">History</h3>
- <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+ <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
- clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+ the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
- links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+ was changed.</p>
- them if they like.</p>
  <ul>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
+.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
+ requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
+.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
+ retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable.  The copyright
+ holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
+ work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
+.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+ (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+ version for your computing.</li>
  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
 .92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
-Line 383 
 versions you distribute to the author.</
+Line 438 
 versions you distribute to the author.</
  </ul>
- <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+ <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
- changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+ other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such.
- Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would
+ These changes are in other parts of the page.  You can review the
- like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+ complete list of changes to the page through
- our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
+ the <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
  interface</a>.</p>
- </div>
+ </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
  <div id="footer">
- <p>
+ <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
- Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
- the FSF.
+ the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
- <br />
+ to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
- Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
- <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
+ <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
- </p>
+         replace it with the translation of these two:
- <p>
+         We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
- Please see the
+         translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
- <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+         Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
- README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
- translations of this article.
+         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
- </p>
+         <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+         our web pages, see <a
+         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+         README</a>. -->
+ Please see the <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+ of this article.</p>
+ <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+      be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+      document was modified, or published.
+      If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+      Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+      years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+      year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+      being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+ <p>Copyright &copy; 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
+ Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+ <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+ href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+ Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
- <p>
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
- Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
-, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
- </p>
- <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
- permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is
- preserved.
- </p>
- <p>
+ <p>Updated:
- Updated:
  <!-- timestamp start -->
  $Date$
  <!-- timestamp end -->
  </p>
  </div>
- <div id="translations">
- <h4>Translations of this page</h4>
- <!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code.
-      Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German.
-      Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-      If you add a new language here, please
-      advise web-translators@gnu.org and add it to
-       - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html
-       - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway"
-       - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias
-       to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases
-      Please also check you have the language code right; see:
-      http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php
-      If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available,
-      use the 3-letter ISO 639-2.
-      Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
- <ul class="translations-list">
- <!-- Afrikaans -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>
- <!-- Arabic -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>
- <!-- Azerbaijani -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>
- <!-- Bulgarian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>
- <!-- Bengali -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>
- <!-- Bosnian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>
- <!-- Catalan -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>
- <!-- Czech -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>
- <!-- Danish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a>&nbsp;[da]</li>
- <!-- German -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>
- <!-- Greek -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x03b5;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>
- <!-- English -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
- <!-- Esperanto -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a>&nbsp;[eo]</li>
- <!-- Spanish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>
- <!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">&#x0641;&#x0627;&#x0631;&#x0633;&#x06cc;</a>&nbsp;[fa]</li>
- <!-- French -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
- <!-- Galician -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a>&nbsp;[gl]</li>
- <!-- Hebrew -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">&#x05e2;&#x05d1;&#x05e8;&#x05d9;&#x05ea;</a>&nbsp;[he]</li>
- <!-- Croatian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a>&nbsp;[hr]</li>
- <!-- Hungarian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a>&nbsp;[hu]</li>
- <!-- Indonesian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a>&nbsp;[id]</li>
- <!-- Italian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a>&nbsp;[it]</li>
- <!-- Japanese -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">&#x65e5;&#x672c;&#x8a9e;</a>&nbsp;[ja]</li>
- <!-- Korean -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">&#xd55c;&#xad6d;&#xc5b4;</a>&nbsp;[ko]</li>
- <!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokm&aring;l)</a>&nbsp;[nb]</li>
- <!-- Dutch -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a>&nbsp;[nl]</li>
- <!-- Polish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
- <!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">portugu&#x0ea;s do Brasil</a>&nbsp;[pt-br]</li>
- <!-- Romanian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>
- <!-- Russian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
- <!-- Slovak -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li>
- <!--- Slovenian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>
- <!-- Serbian -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>
- <!-- Swedish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>
- <!-- Tamil -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>
- <!-- Tagalog -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a>&nbsp;[tl]</li>
- <!-- Turkish -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">T&#x00fc;rk&#x00e7;e</a>&nbsp;[tr]</li>
- <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>
- <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>
- </ul>
  </div>
- </div>
  </body>
  </html>

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