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6    <title>What is Free Software?
7    - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
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23    <h2>What is Free Software?</h2>
24    <div class="thin"></div>
25    
26    <div class="article">
27    <div class="important">
28    <p>
29    &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; means software that respects users'
30    freedom and community.  Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
31    freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
32    software</b>.  Thus, &ldquo;free software&rdquo; is a matter of
33    liberty, not price.  To understand the concept, you should think of
34    &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo; not as in
35    &ldquo;free beer&rdquo;.  We sometimes call it &ldquo;libre
36    software,&rdquo; borrowing the French or Spanish word for
37    &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
38    is gratis.
39    </p>
40    
41  <h2>The Free Software Definition</h2>  <p>
42    You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may
43    have obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your
44    copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software,
45    even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
46    </p>
47    </div>
48    
49  <p>  <p>
50  We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be  We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them.  With
51  true about a particular software program for it to be considered free  these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
52  software.  From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.  the program and what it does for them.  When users don't control the
53  If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see  program, we call it a &ldquo;nonfree&rdquo; or
54  the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.  &ldquo;proprietary&rdquo; program.  The nonfree program controls the
55    users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
56    program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
57    an instrument of unjust power</a>.
58  </p>  </p>
59    
60  <p>  <p>
61  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; is a matter of liberty, not price.  To understand  &ldquo;Open source&rdquo; is something different: it has a very
62  the concept, you should think of &ldquo;free&rdquo; as in &ldquo;free speech,&rdquo;  different philosophy based on different values.  Its practical
63  not as in &ldquo;free beer.&rdquo;  definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
64    in fact free.  We explain the
65    difference in <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
66    Why &ldquo;Open Source&rdquo; misses the point of Free Software</a>.
67    </p>
68    
69    <div class="toc">
70    <hr class="no-display" />
71    <h3 class="no-display">Table of contents</h3>
72    <ul>
73     <li><a href="#fs-definition">The Free Software Definition</a>
74      <ul>
75       <li><a href="#four-freedoms">The four essential freedoms</a></li>
76       <li><a href="#selling">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</a></li>
77      </ul>
78     </li>
79     <li><a href="#clarifying">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</a>
80      <ul>
81       <li><a href="#run-the-program">The freedom to run the program as you
82         wish</a></li>
83       <li><a href="#make-changes">The freedom to study the source code and make
84         changes</a></li>
85       <li><a href="#redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you wish:
86         basic requirements</a></li>
87       <li><a href="#copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
88       <li><a href="#packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution
89         details</a></li>
90       <li><a href="#exportcontrol">Export regulations</a></li>
91       <li><a href="#legal-details">Legal considerations</a></li>
92       <li><a href="#contracts">Contract-based licenses</a></li>
93      </ul>
94     </li>
95     <li><a href="#in-practice">The Free Software Definition in Practice</a>
96      <ul>
97       <li><a href="#interpretation">How we interpret these criteria</a></li>
98       <li><a href="#get-help">Get help with free licenses</a></li>
99       <li><a href="#terminology">Use the right words when talking about free
100         software</a></li>
101      </ul>
102     </li>
103     <li><a href="#beyond-software">Beyond Software</a></li>
104     <li><a href="#History">History</a></li>
105    </ul>
106    </div>
107    
108    <div class="edu-note" id="fsf-licensing">
109    <p style="font-size:80%">
110    Have a question about free software licensing not answered here?
111    See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">licensing resources</a>,
112    and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab
113    at <a href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p>
114    <hr class="no-display" />
115    </div>
116    
117    
118    <h3 id="fs-definition" class="subheader">The Free Software Definition</h3>
119    
120    <p>
121    The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
122    particular software program qualifies as free software.  From time to
123    time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
124    about subtle issues.  See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
125    below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
126    software.
127  </p>  </p>
128    
129    <h4 id="four-freedoms">The four essential freedoms</h4>
130  <p>  <p>
131  Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,  A program is free software if the program's users have the
132  study, change and improve the software.  More precisely, it means that the  four essential freedoms: <a href="#f1">[1]</a>
 program's users have the four essential freedoms:  
133  </p>  </p>
134    
135  <ul>  <ul class="important">
136    <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>    <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish,
137    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make        for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
138        it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a    <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
139        precondition for this.        does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
140          code is a precondition for this.
141    </li>    </li>
142    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor    <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others
143        (freedom 2).        (freedom 2).
144    </li>    </li>
145    <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions    <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
# Line 48  program's users have the four essential Line 150  program's users have the four essential
150  </ul>  </ul>
151    
152  <p>  <p>
153  A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms.  Thus,  A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
154  you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without  freedoms.  Otherwise, it is nonfree.  While we can distinguish various
155  modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to  nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
156  <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these  being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
157  things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay  
158  for permission to do so.  <p>In any given scenario, these freedoms must apply to whatever code
159    we plan to make use of, or lead others to make use of.  For instance,
160    consider a program A which automatically launches a program B to
161    handle some cases.  If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that
162    implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B
163    are free.  However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
164    only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p>
165    
166    
167    <h4 id="selling">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</h4>
168    
169    <p>
170    &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial&rdquo;.
171    On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use,
172    commercial development, and commercial distribution.  This policy is
173    of fundamental importance&mdash;without this, free software could not
174    achieve its aims.
175  </p>  </p>
176    
177  <p>  <p>
178  You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them  We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses
179  privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they  and their workers.  That requires allowing commercial use.  We hope
180  exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to  that free replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary
181  notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.  programs, but they can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use
182    them.  We want commercial products that contain software to include
183    the GNU system, and that would constitute commercial distribution for
184    a price.  Commercial development of free software is no longer
185    unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  Paid,
186    professional support for free software fills an important need.
187  </p>  </p>
188    
189  <p>  <p>
190    Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial
191    distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its
192    path to success.  We must conclude that a program licensed with such
193    restrictions does not qualify as free software.
194    </p>
195    
196    <p>
197    A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that
198    obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the
199    conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous
200    distribution of it.  Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some
201    users, or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise
202    them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus
203    renders the program nonfree.
204    </p>
205    
206    
207    <h3 id="clarifying" class="subheader">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and Nonfree</h3>
208    
209    <p>In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the
210    various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a
211    program to be free.</p>
212    
213    <h4 id="run-the-program">The freedom to run the program as you wish</h4>
214    
215    <p>
216  The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person  The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
217  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of  or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
218  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it  overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
# Line 75  for her purposes, but you are not entitl Line 224  for her purposes, but you are not entitl
224  </p>  </p>
225    
226  <p>  <p>
227  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable  The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not
228  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and  forbidden or stopped from making it run.  This has nothing to do with what
229  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary  functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of
230  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there  functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any
231  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program  particular computing activity.</p>
232  (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the  
233  freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to  <p>For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful
234  make them.  inputs&mdash;or even fails unconditionally&mdash;that may make the
235  </p>  program less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not
236    deny users the freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict
237    with freedom 0.  If the program is free, the users can overcome the
238    loss of usefulness, because freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and
239    communities to make and distribute modified versions without the
240    arbitrary nuisance code.</p>
241    
242    <p>&ldquo;As you wish&rdquo; includes, optionally, &ldquo;not at
243    all&rdquo; if that is what you wish.  So there is no need for a
244    separate &ldquo;freedom not to run a program.&rdquo;</p>
245    
246    <h4 id="make-changes">The freedom to study the source code and make changes</h4>
247    
248  <p>  <p>
249  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the  In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
250  freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have  freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have
251  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of  access to the source code of the program.  Therefore, accessibility of
252  source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated  source code is a necessary condition for free software.  Obfuscated
253  &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count  &ldquo;source code&rdquo; is not real source code and does not count
# Line 97  as source code. Line 257  as source code.
257  <p>  <p>
258  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of  Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
259  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to  the original.  If the program is delivered in a product designed to
260  run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash;  run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours &mdash; a
261  a practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or (in its practitioners'  practice known as &ldquo;tivoization&rdquo; or &ldquo;lockdown&rdquo;,
262  perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes a  or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as &ldquo;secure
263  theoretical fiction rather than a practical freedom.  This is not  boot&rdquo; &mdash; freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
264  sufficient.  In other words, these binaries are not free software  practical reality.  These binaries are not free
265  even if the source code they are compiled from is free.  software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
266  </p>  </p>
267    
268  <p>  <p>
# Line 114  license is too restrictive to qualify as Line 274  license is too restrictive to qualify as
274  </p>  </p>
275    
276  <p>  <p>
277    Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
278    If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
279    someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
280    </p>
281    
282    <p>
283    One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it
284    returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program.
285    Thus, freedom 1 includes the &ldquo;freedom to delete the program.&rdquo;
286    </p>
287    
288    <h4 id="redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic
289    requirements</h4>
290    
291    <p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
292    redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
293    gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
294    <a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>.  Being free to do these
295    things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
296    for permission to do so.
297    </p>
298    
299    <p>
300    You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
301    privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
302    exist.  If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
303    notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
304    </p>
305    
306    <p>
307  Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions  Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
308  as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of  as free software.  A free license may also permit other ways of
309  releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be  releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
310  a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a  a <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.  However, a
311  license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify  license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
312  as a free license.  as a free license.
313  </p>  </p>
314    
315  <p>  <p>
316  In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and  The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
317  irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the  forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
318  software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change  unmodified versions.  (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
319  its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the  for conveniently installable free operating systems.)  It is OK if there
320  software is not free.  is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
321    (since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
322    freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
323    make them.
324  </p>  </p>
325    
326    <h4 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h4>
327    
328  <p>  <p>
329  However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free  Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
330  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central  software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
331  freedoms.  For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that  freedoms.  For example, <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
332  when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny  (very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
333  other people the central freedoms.  This rule does not conflict with  you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
334  the central freedoms; rather it protects them.  This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
335    protects them.
336  </p>  </p>
337    
338  <p>  <p>
339  &ldquo;Free software&rdquo; does not mean &ldquo;noncommercial.&rdquo;  A free  In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
340  program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,  legally for everyone.  We believe there are important reasons why
341  and commercial distribution.  Commercial development of free software  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
342  is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.  copyleft</a>.  However,
343  You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">
344  obtained copies at no charge.  But regardless of how you got your copies,  noncopylefted free software</a> is ethical
345  you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to  too.  See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
346  <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.  Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo;
347    &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software
348    relate to each other.
349  </p>  </p>
350    
351  <p>  <h4 id="packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution details</h4>
 Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.  
 If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that  
 someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.  
 </p>  
352    
353  <p>  <p>
354  However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,  Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
355  if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified  if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
356  versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.  versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
357  Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the  Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
# Line 181  are also acceptable. Line 375  are also acceptable.
375  </p>  </p>
376    
377  <p>  <p>
378  In the GNU project, we use  A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
379  <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>  which the program will be invoked from other programs.  That
380  to protect these freedoms legally for everyone.  But  effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
381  <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted  can replace the original when invoked by those other programs.  This
382  free software</a> also exists.  We believe there are important reasons why  sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
383  <a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,  facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
384  but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically  alias for the modified version.</p>
385  ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free Software</a> for a description of how &ldquo;free software,&rdquo; &ldquo;copylefted software&rdquo; and other categories of software relate to each other.)  
386  </p>  <h4 id="exportcontrol">Export regulations</h4>
387    
388  <p>  <p>
389  Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>  Sometimes government export control regulations
390  and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of  and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
391  programs internationally.  Software developers do not have the power to  programs internationally.  Software developers do not have the power to
392  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do  eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
393  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this  is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program.  In this
394  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the  way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
395  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses  jurisdictions of these governments.  Thus, free software licenses
396  must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of  must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
397  any of the essential freedoms.  condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
398    </p>
399    
400    <p>
401    Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
402    them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
403    not restrict users.  If an export regulation is actually trivial for
404    free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
405    problem; however, it is a potential problem, since a later change in
406    export law could make the requirement nontrivial and thus render the
407    software nonfree.
408    </p>
409    
410    <h4 id="legal-details">Legal considerations</h4>
411    
412    <p>
413    In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
414    irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
415    software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
416    restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
417    cause, the software is not free.
418  </p>  </p>
419    
420  <p>  <p>
421    A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
422    nonfree program.  Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
423    comply with the licenses of &ldquo;all the programs you use&rdquo;, in
424    the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
425    compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
426    license nonfree.
427    </p>
428    
429    <p>
430    It is acceptable for a free license to specify which jurisdiction's
431    law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
432    </p>
433    
434    <h4 id="contracts">Contract-based licenses</h4>
435    
436    <p>
437  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits  Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
438  on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a  on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright.  If a
439  copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it  copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
# Line 222  legitimate, we will have to think about Line 452  legitimate, we will have to think about
452  it is nonfree.  it is nonfree.
453  </p>  </p>
454    
455  <p>  <h3 id="in-practice" class="subheader">The Free Software Definition in Practice</h3>
456  When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms  
457  like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that  <h4 id="interpretation">How we interpret these criteria</h4>
 the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such  
 as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See  
 <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that  
 are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have  
 a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of  
 &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.  
 </p>  
458    
459  <p>  <p>
460  Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software  Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
461  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide  definition require careful thought for their interpretation.  To decide
462  whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,  whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
463  we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their  we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
# Line 247  a conclusion about a new issue, we often Line 470  a conclusion about a new issue, we often
470  it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.  it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
471  </p>  </p>
472    
473    <h4 id="get-help">Get help with free licenses</h4>
474    
475  <p>  <p>
476  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free  If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
477  software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list  software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
# Line 269  help you can ensure that the license rea Line 494  help you can ensure that the license rea
494  and avoid various practical problems.  and avoid various practical problems.
495  </p>  </p>
496    
497  <h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>  <h4 id="terminology">Use the right words when talking about free software</h4>
498    
499    <p>
500    When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
501    like &ldquo;give away&rdquo; or &ldquo;for free,&rdquo; because those terms imply that
502    the issue is about price, not freedom.  Some common terms such
503    as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; embody opinions we hope you won't endorse.  See
504    <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
505    are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms.  We also have
506    a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
507    &ldquo;free software&rdquo;</a> into various languages.
508    </p>
509    
510    <p id="open-source">
511    Another group uses the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean
512    something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software&rdquo;.  We
513    prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that
514    it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The
515    word &ldquo;open&rdquo; never refers to freedom.
516    </p>
517    
518    <h3 id="beyond-software" class="subheader">Beyond Software</h3>
519    
520  <p>  <p>
521  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,  <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
# Line 281  manuals are in effect part of the softwa Line 527  manuals are in effect part of the softwa
527  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of  The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
528  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,  practical use &mdash; that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
529  such as educational works and reference  such as educational works and reference
530  works.  <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best known  works.  <a href="https://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
531  example.  example.
532  </p>  </p>
533    
# Line 290  Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, a Line 536  Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, a
536  has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">  has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/">
537  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.  free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
538  </p>  </p>
539    <hr class="column-limit" />
540    </div>
541    
542  <h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>  <h3 id="History">History</h3>
   
 <p>  
 Another group has started using the term &ldquo;open source&rdquo; to mean  
 something close (but not identical) to &ldquo;free software.&rdquo;  We  
 prefer the term &ldquo;free software&rdquo; because, once you have heard that  
 it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom.  The  
 word &ldquo;open&rdquo; <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">  
 never refers to freedom</a>.  
 </p>  
   
 <h2 id="History">History</h2>  
543    
544  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to  <p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition.  Here is
545  clarify it.  Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with  the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
546  links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review  was changed.</p>
 them if they like.</p>  
547    
548  <ul>  <ul>
549    
550  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.168&amp;r2=1.169">Version
551    1.169</a>: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply
552    to commercial activity.  Explain why the four freedoms imply the
553    freedom not to run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there
554    is no need to state those as separate requirements.</li>
555    
556    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.164&amp;r2=1.165">Version
557    1.165</a>: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not
558    negate freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove them.</li>
559    
560    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.152&amp;r2=1.153">Version
561    1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops
562    you from making it run.</li>
563    
564    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.140&amp;r2=1.141">Version
565    1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li>
566    
567    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.134&amp;r2=1.135">Version
568    1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
569    as you wish.</li>
570    
571    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.133&amp;r2=1.134">Version
572    1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's functionality.</li>
573    
574    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.130&amp;r2=1.131">Version
575    1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree license
576    of another program.</li>
577    
578    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.128&amp;r2=1.129">Version
579    1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
580    specifications are allowed.  (This was always our policy.)</li>
581    
582    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.121&amp;r2=1.122">Version
583    1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
584    requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
585    
586    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.117&amp;r2=1.118">Version
587    1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
588    not on what modifications you have made.  And modifications are not limited
589    to &ldquo;improvements&rdquo;</li>
590    
591    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.110&amp;r2=1.111">Version
592    1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
593    retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable.  The copyright
594    holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
595    work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
596    
597    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.104&amp;r2=1.105">Version
598    1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
599    (already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
600    version for your computing.</li>
601    
602    <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.91&amp;r2=1.92">Version
603  1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>  1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
604    
605  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.89&amp;r2=1.90">Version
606  1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies  1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
607  of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate  of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
608  in someone else's development project.</li>  in someone else's development project.</li>
609    
610  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.88&amp;r2=1.89">Version
611  1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as  1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
612  free software.</li>  free software.</li>
613    
614  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.79&amp;r2=1.80">Version
615  1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;  1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
616  i.e., no tivoization.</li>  i.e., no tivoization.</li>
617    
618  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.76&amp;r2=1.77">Version
619  1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are  1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
620  unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete  unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
621  replacement.</li>  replacement.</li>
622    
623  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.73&amp;r2=1.74">Version
624  1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated  1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
625  in some places but not reflected everywhere:  in some places but not reflected everywhere:
626  <ul>  <ul>
# Line 346  refers to those that are suitably licens Line 634  refers to those that are suitably licens
634  </ul>  </ul>
635  </li>  </li>
636    
637  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.56&amp;r2=1.57">Version
638  1.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>  1.57</a>: Add &quot;Beyond Software&quot; section.</li>
639    
640  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.45&amp;r2=1.46">Version
641  1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run  1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
642  the program for any purpose.</li>  the program for any purpose.</li>
643    
644  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.40&amp;r2=1.41">Version
645  1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>  1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
646    
647  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.39&amp;r2=1.40">Version
648  1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other  1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
649  available free software to create your modifications.</li>  available free software to create your modifications.</li>
650    
651  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.38&amp;r2=1.39">Version
652  1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to  1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
653  provide source for versions of the software you put into public  provide source for versions of the software you put into public
654  use.</li>  use.</li>
655    
656  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.30&amp;r2=1.31">Version
657  1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to  1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
658  identify yourself as the author of modifications.  Other minor  identify yourself as the author of modifications.  Other minor
659  clarifications throughout the text.</li>  clarifications throughout the text.</li>
660    
661  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.22&amp;r2=1.23">Version
662  1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based  1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
663  licenses.</li>  licenses.</li>
664    
665  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.15&amp;r2=1.16">Version
666  1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>  1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
667    
668  <li><a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version  <li><a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;r1=1.10&amp;r2=1.11">Version
669  1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of  1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
670  versions you distribute to the author.</li>  versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li>
671    
672  </ul>  </ul>
673    
674  <p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other  <p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
675  changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.  other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
676  Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on.  If you would  interpretations.  For instance, the list does not include changes in
677  like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on  asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
678  our <a href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb  You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
679    the <a href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&amp;view=log">cvsweb
680  interface</a>.</p>  interface</a>.</p>
681    <hr class="column-limit" />
682    
683  </div>  <h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
684    <ol>
685    <li id="f1">The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical. Around
686    1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that
687    the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly.
688    It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should
689    precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it freedom&nbsp;0.</li>
690    </ol>
691    
692    </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
693  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->  <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
694    <div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
695    <div class="unprintable">
696    
697  <div id="footer">  <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
   
 <p>  
 Please send FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to  
698  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org">&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.
699  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>  There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
700  the FSF.  the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
701  <br />  to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
702  Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to  
703  <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org">&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  <p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
704  </p>          replace it with the translation of these two:
705    
706            We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
707            translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
708            Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
709            to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
710            &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
711    
712            <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
713            our web pages, see <a
714            href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
715            README</a>. -->
716    Please see the <a
717    href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
718    README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
719    of this article.</p>
720    </div>
721    
722  <p>  <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
723  Please see the       files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
724  <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations       be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
725  README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting       without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
726  translations of this article.       Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
727  </p>       document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
728         document was modified, or published.
729        
730         If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
731         Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
732         years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
733         year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
734         being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
735        
736         There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
737         Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
738    
739    <p>Copyright &copy; 1996-2002, 2004-2007, 2009-2019, 2021
740    Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
741    
742    <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
743    href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
744    Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
745    
746  <p>  <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
 Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,  
 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  
 </p>  
 <p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is  
 permitted in any medium without royalty provided this notice is  
 preserved.  
 </p>  
747    
748  <p>  <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 Updated:  
749  <!-- timestamp start -->  <!-- timestamp start -->
750  $Date$  $Date$
751  <!-- timestamp end -->  <!-- timestamp end -->
752  </p>  </p>
753  </div>  </div>
754    </div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 <div id="translations">  
 <h4>Translations of this page</h4>  
   
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 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a>&nbsp;[af]</li>  
 <!-- Arabic -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">&#1575;&#1604;&#1593;&#1585;&#1576;&#1610;&#1577;</a>&nbsp;[ar]</li>  
 <!-- Azerbaijani -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Az&#x0259;rbaycanca</a>&nbsp;[az]</li>  
 <!-- Bulgarian -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">&#x431;&#x44A;&#x43B;&#x433;&#x430;&#x440;&#x441;&#x43A;&#x438;</a>&nbsp;[bg]</li>  
 <!-- Bengali -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">&#2476;&#2494;&#2434;&#2482;&#2494;</a>&nbsp;[bn]</li>  
 <!-- Bosnian -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a>&nbsp;[bs]</li>  
 <!-- Catalan -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">catal&#x00e0;</a>&nbsp;[ca]</li>  
 <!-- Czech -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">&#x010c;esky</a>&nbsp;[cs]</li>  
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 <!-- German -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a>&nbsp;[de]</li>  
 <!-- Greek -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">&#x03b5;&#x03bb;&#x03bb;&#x03b7;&#x03bd;&#x03b9;&#x03ba;&#x03ac;</a>&nbsp;[el]</li>  
 <!-- English -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>  
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 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">espa&#x00f1;ol</a>&nbsp;[es]</li>  
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 <!-- Romanian -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">rom&#x00e2;n&#x0103;</a>&nbsp;[ro]</li>  
 <!-- Russian -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">&#x0440;&#x0443;&#x0441;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;&#x0439;</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>  
 <!-- Slovak -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">sloven&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sk]</li>  
 <!--- Slovenian -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">sloven&scaron;&#269;ina</a>&nbsp;[sl]</li>  
 <!-- Serbian -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">&#x0441;&#x0440;&#x043f;&#x0441;&#x043a;&#x0438;</a>&nbsp;[sr]</li>  
 <!-- Swedish -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</li>  
 <!-- Tamil -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">&#2980;&#2990;&#3007;&#2996;&#3021;</a>&nbsp;[ta]</li>  
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 <!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">&#x7b80;&#x4f53;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</li>  
 <!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->  
 <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">&#x7e41;&#x9ad4;&#x4e2d;&#x6587;</a>&nbsp;[zh-tw]</li>  
 </ul>  
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756  </html>  </html>
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