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<title>GNU 作業系統與自由軟體運動</title> |
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<p class="no-display">GNU 是唯一特別開發給使用者享受自由的作業系統。GNU 是什麼?我們有哪些自由正受到危害?</p> |
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|
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<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> |
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<div id="home"> |
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<div style="margin: 2.3em auto 0" class="c"> |
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<!-- Please change the URLs of embedded resources from |
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https://static.fsf.org/* to https://static.gnu.org/* (RT #1868684) --> |
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<video width="512" height="288" controls="controls" crossorigin="anonymous" |
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poster="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/thumbnails/festival.jpeg"> |
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<source |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.webm" |
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type="video/webm" /> |
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<source |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.ogv" |
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type="video/ogg" /> |
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<source |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.mp4" |
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type="video/mp4" /> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="English" srclang="en" |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/captions/escape-to-freedom_en.vtt" |
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default="default" /> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="Czech" srclang="cs" |
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src="/server/banners/escape-to-freedom_cs.vtt" /> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="Spanish" srclang="es" |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/captions/escape-to-freedom_es.vtt" |
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/> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="French" srclang="fr" |
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src="/server/banners/escape-to-freedom_fr.vtt" /> |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/captions/escape-to-freedom_zh.vtt" |
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/> |
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</video> |
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</div> |
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|
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<p class="c"> |
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<a |
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href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/help-others-find-free-software-watch-and-share-escape-to-freedom"> |
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Escape to Freedom: A video from the FSF</a></p> |
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|
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<h2 class="first">GNU 是什麼?</h2> |
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|
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<p>GNU 是個<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">自由軟體</a>作業系統——也就是說,它尊重使用者的自由。GNU |
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作業系統由 GNU 軟體包(指稱 GNU 專案所發行的程式)構成。有了 GNU 的開發,人們得以使用電腦而不必忍受踐踏你自由的軟體。</p> |
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|
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<p>我們推薦完全由自由軟體組成的<a href="/distros/free-distros.html">可安裝 GNU 版本</a>(更精確來講是 |
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GNU/Linux 散布版)。<a href="#More-GNU">以下有更多 GNU 相關資訊</a>。</p> |
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|
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<div class="btn-left"> |
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<a href="/distros/free-distros.html">試試 GNU/Linux</a></div> |
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<div style="clear:both"></div> |
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|
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<div id="gnu-linux" role="figure"> |
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<div class="screenshot"> |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/dragora-tde-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Dragora 3.0-beta2 with TDE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://dragora.org/index.html"> Dragora 3.0-beta2</a> |
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with <a href="https://www.trinitydesktop.org/">TDE</a> desktop</small></p> |
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|
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<!--#endif --> |
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<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = guix" --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [Guix 0.15 搭配 GNOME 3 桌面的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="/software/guix/">Guix 0.15</a> 搭配 <a |
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href="https://www.gnome.org/">GNOME 3</a> 桌面、Epiphany 網頁瀏覽器、Totem |
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影片播放器、GNOME 終端模擬器</small></p> |
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|
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3.png"><img |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3.png" |
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alt=" [Hyperbola 搭配 i3 視窗管理員的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://www.hyperbola.info/"> Hyperbola 0.3</a> 搭配 <a |
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href="https://i3wm.org/">i3 視窗管理員</a>、cool-retro-term (終端機模擬器)、Gimp |
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(影像編輯器)、Iceweasel-UXP (網頁瀏覽器)</small></p> |
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|
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<!--#endif --> |
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<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = parabola" --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [Parabola 搭配 LXDE 桌面的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://www.parabola.nu">Parabola 2020</a> with <a |
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href="http://lxde.sourceforge.net/about.html">LXDE desktop</a></small></p> |
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|
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<!--#endif --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/pureos8-gnome3.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="264" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/gnome3-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [PureOS 8 搭配 GNOME 3 桌面的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://www.pureos.net/">PureOS 8</a> 搭配 <a |
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href="https://www.gnome.org/">GNOME 3</a> |
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桌面、PureBrowser(網頁瀏覽器)、Gimp(影像編輯器)</small></p> |
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|
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<!--#endif --> |
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<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = trisquel" --> |
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<a href="https://trisquel.info/files/screenshots/t10-office_0.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="320" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/trisquel10-mate.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Trisquel 10 with MATE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://trisquel.info">Trisquel 10</a> with <a |
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href="https://mate-desktop.org/">MATE</a> desktop, and part of the <a |
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href="https://www.libreoffice.org/">LibreOffice</a> suite.</small></p> |
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|
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<!--#endif --> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div class="thumbs"> |
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=dragora#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/dragora-tde-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Dragora 3.0-beta2 with TDE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Dragora / TDE</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=guix#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Guix 0.15 搭配 GNOME 3 桌面的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Guix / GNOME3</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=hyperbola#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Hyperbola 0.3 搭配 i3 視窗管理員的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Hyperbola / i3</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=parabola#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde-thumb.jpg" |
363 |
alt=" [Parabola 2020 搭配 LXDE 桌面的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Parabola / LXDE</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=pureos#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/gnome3-thumb.jpg" |
371 |
alt=" [PureOS 8 搭配 GNOME 3 桌面的畫面快照] " /></a> |
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<p><small>PureOS / GNOME3</small></p> |
373 |
</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=trisquel#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/trisquel10-mate-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Trisquel 10 with MATE desktop] " /></a> |
380 |
<p><small>Trisquel / MATE</small></p> |
381 |
</div> |
382 |
</div> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div class="btn-right">…或<a |
386 |
href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Free_Software_Directory:Free_software_replacements">試試部分的 |
387 |
GNU</a></div> |
388 |
<div style="clear:both"></div> |
389 |
|
390 |
<h2>自由軟體運動是什麼?</h2> |
391 |
|
392 |
<p>The free software movement campaigns to win for the users of computing the |
393 |
freedom that comes from free software. Free software puts its users in |
394 |
control of their own computing. Nonfree software puts its users under the |
395 |
power of the software's developer. See <a |
396 |
href="/audio-video/philosophy-recordings.html#rms-201404070"> the video |
397 |
explanation</a>.</p> |
398 |
|
399 |
<h2>自由軟體是什麼?</h2> |
400 |
|
401 |
<p><strong>自由軟體代表使用者擁有執行、複製、散布、研究、修改、和改善軟體的自由。</strong></p> |
402 |
|
403 |
<p>Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, |
404 |
you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” not |
405 |
as in “free beer.”</p> |
406 |
|
407 |
<p>更精確來講,自由軟體代表該程式的使用者擁有<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">四大自由</a>:</p> |
408 |
|
409 |
<ul> |
410 |
<li>依照你的想法執行該程式的自由,無論任何目的(自由之零)。</li> |
411 |
<li>研究該程式如何運作、並將之修改來讓電腦運算符合你所設想的自由(自由之壹)。能存取程式的源始碼 (source code) 是這項自由的先決條件。</li> |
412 |
<li>再次散佈程式副本的自由,如此你就能幫助他人(自由之貳)。</li> |
413 |
<li>將你所修改後的版本作成副本散布給他人的自由(自由之參)。如此一來你就讓社群整體有機會因為你的改動而受益。能存取源始碼是這項自由的先決條件。</li> |
414 |
</ul> |
415 |
|
416 |
<p>科技的發展與網路的普及,使得現在這些自由比起1983年之時<a |
417 |
href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">更為重要</a>。</p> |
418 |
|
419 |
<p>Nowadays the free software movement goes far beyond developing the GNU |
420 |
system. See <a href="https://www.fsf.org">the Free Software Foundation's |
421 |
web site</a> for more about what we do, and a list of <a href="/help">ways |
422 |
you can help</a>.</p> |
423 |
|
424 |
<h2>深入瞭解 GNU</h2> |
425 |
|
426 |
<p><a id="More-GNU">GNU</a> 是個 Unix |
427 |
風作業系統。這代表它是許多程式的集合體:應用程式、函式庫、開發者工具、甚至遊戲等。GNU 的開發起源自1984年1月,熟知為 GNU 專案。許多 GNU |
428 |
中的程式都在 GNU 專案的支持幫助下發行;這些程式我們將其稱為 <a href="/software/">GNU 軟體包</a>。</p> |
429 |
|
430 |
<p>「GNU」是「GNU's Not Unix」的遞迴式頭文字縮寫,意即「GNU 並非 Unix」。<a |
431 |
href="/pronunciation/pronunciation.html">「GNU」英語發音為 |
432 |
<em>g'noo</em></a>,是單音節字,類似講「grew」,但把 <em>r</em> 的音替換為 |
433 |
<em>n</em>;華語(漢語官話)發音類似「革奴」。</p> |
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|
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<p>The program in a Unix-like system that allocates machine resources and talks |
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to the hardware is called the “kernel.” GNU is typically used |
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with a kernel called Linux. This combination is the <a |
438 |
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"><strong>GNU/Linux operating |
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system</strong></a>. GNU/Linux is used by millions, though many <a |
440 |
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">call it “Linux” by mistake</a>.</p> |
441 |
|
442 |
<p>GNU's own kernel, the <a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, was |
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started in 1990 (before Linux was started). Volunteers continue developing |
444 |
the Hurd because it is an interesting technical project.</p> |
445 |
|
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<p class="button right-align"><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">更多資訊</a></p> |
447 |
</div> |
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|
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<!-- /first-column --> |
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<div class="second-column" role="complementary"> |
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|
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<p class="c" style="margin-top: 2.3em"><a href="https://snowflake.torproject.org/"> |
453 |
<img style="width:12em; height:auto" |
454 |
src="/graphics/snowflake-purple.png" |
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alt="Help people bypass censorship. Run Snowflake!" /></a></p> |
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|
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<div id="franklin" class="emph-box color1"> |
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<blockquote> |
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<p><i>As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be |
460 |
glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours, and this we |
461 |
should do freely and generously.</i><br /> —Benjamin Franklin</p> |
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</blockquote> |
463 |
</div> |
464 |
|
465 |
<div id="giving-guide" class="emph-box color2"> |
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<p>This year, choose Freedom as a gift. <strong><a |
467 |
href="https://www.fsf.org/givingguide/v14/"> Ethical Tech Giving |
468 |
Guide</a></strong></p> |
469 |
</div> |
470 |
|
471 |
<div id="kind-comm" class="emph-box color2"> |
472 |
<p>The GNU Project strongly urges the community to communicate in ways that are |
473 |
friendly, welcoming and kind. See the <a |
474 |
href="/philosophy/kind-communication.html"> GNU Kind Communications |
475 |
Guidelines</a>.</p> |
476 |
</div> |
477 |
|
478 |
<div id="Flashes" class="emph-box color1"> |
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<h3><a href="https://planet.gnu.org/">Planet GNU</a> <a |
480 |
href="https://planet.gnu.org/rss20.xml"><img src="/feed-icon-10x10.png" |
481 |
alt="RSS 消息饋流" /></a></h3> |
482 |
<div class="ltr"> |
483 |
|
484 |
<!--#include virtual="/planetfeeds.zh-tw.html" --> |
485 |
</div> |
486 |
</div> |
487 |
|
488 |
<div id="Action" class="emph-box color2"> |
489 |
<h3>採取行動</h3> |
490 |
|
491 |
<ul> |
492 |
<li><strong><a href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns">Support current FSF |
493 |
campaigns</a></strong>.</li> |
494 |
<li id="petition"><a href="https://my.fsf.org/give-students-userfreedom">Sign the petition for |
495 |
freedom in the classroom</a>.</li> |
496 |
<li id="copilot"><a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:Copilot_Watch_Group">Join the |
497 |
Copilot Watch Group</a>.</li> |
498 |
</ul> |
499 |
|
500 |
<p class="back"><a href="/server/takeaction.html">更多行動項目</a></p> |
501 |
</div> |
502 |
|
503 |
<div id="priority" class="emph-box color1"> |
504 |
<p><strong>Can you help GNU with any of these projects?</strong></p> |
505 |
<ul> |
506 |
<li><a href="/help/priority-projects.html">GNU high priority enhancement |
507 |
projects</a></li> |
508 |
<li><a href="/help/music-subtraction.html">Free program to subtract background |
509 |
music</a></li> |
510 |
|
511 |
<!-- <li> |
512 |
<a |
513 |
href="/help/important-new-small-to-medium-programs-needed.html"> |
514 |
Important new small-to-medium programs needed</a></li> ##This is a new |
515 |
page to be created which will initially contain a link to /help/music-subtraction.html--> |
516 |
</ul> |
517 |
</div> |
518 |
|
519 |
<div class="emph-box color2"> |
520 |
<p id="long-term"><strong>Can you contribute to any of the <a |
521 |
href="//www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">long-term high priority |
522 |
projects</a>?</strong></p> |
523 |
</div> |
524 |
|
525 |
<div id="unmaint" class="emph-box color1"> |
526 |
<p><strong>Can you help <a href="/server/takeaction.html#unmaint">maintain a |
527 |
GNU package</a>? These packages are looking for maintainers:</strong></p> |
528 |
<ul> |
529 |
<li> |
530 |
<a href="/software/cfengine/">cfengine</a>, <a |
531 |
href="/software/halifax/">halifax</a>, <a |
532 |
href="/software/quickthreads/">quickthreads</a>, <a |
533 |
href="/software/guile-sdl/">guile-sdl</a>, <a |
534 |
href="/software/superopt/">superopt</a></li> |
535 |
</ul> |
536 |
|
537 |
<p>此外,這些軟體包也在尋找共同維護者:</p> |
538 |
<ul> |
539 |
<li> |
540 |
<a href="/software/aspell/">aspell</a>、<a |
541 |
href="/software/bison/">bison</a>、<a href="/software/gnuae/">gnuae</a>、<a |
542 |
href="/software/gnubik/">gnubik</a>、<a |
543 |
href="/software/metaexchange/">metaexchange</a>、<a |
544 |
href="/software/powerguru/">powerguru</a>、<a |
545 |
href="/software/xboard/">xboard</a> 等。</li> |
546 |
</ul> |
547 |
<p>請見軟體包網頁瞭解更多資訊。</p> |
548 |
</div> |
549 |
|
550 |
<div id="blurb" class="emph-box color2"> |
551 |
<p><strong><a href="/software/recent-releases.html">GNU 的近期發行</a></strong></p> |
552 |
|
553 |
<p><strong><a href="/manual/blurbs.html">關於所有 GNU 軟體包的簡介描述</a></strong></p> |
554 |
|
555 |
<p style="margin-top: 2em">今日的隨機軟體包…</p> |
556 |
|
557 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/home-pkgselect.html" --> |
558 |
<div class="ltr"> |
559 |
|
560 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/home-pkgblurbs.zh-tw.html" --> |
561 |
</div> |
562 |
</div> |
563 |
|
564 |
</div> |
565 |
<!-- /second-column --> |
566 |
</div> |
567 |
|
568 |
<!-- /home --> |
569 |
<div style="clear:both"></div> |
570 |
<div class="translators-notes"> |
571 |
|
572 |
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.--> |
573 |
<b>譯者按︰</b> |
574 |
<ol><li id="trans1">中文讀者也許會覺得這語句很怪,因為英文的 Free |
575 |
有「自由」及「免費」兩個意思,所以作者要特別聲明,以正視聽。</li> |
576 |
</ol></div> |
577 |
</div> |
578 |
|
579 |
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> |
580 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-tw.html" --> |
581 |
<p id="sisters">The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">FSF</a> also has sister organizations in |
582 |
<a href="https://fsfe.org/">Europe</a>, <a |
583 |
href="https://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/">Latin America</a> and <a |
584 |
href="https://fsf.org.in/">India</a>.<br /> |
585 |
自由加入參與!</p> |
586 |
|
587 |
<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> |
588 |
<div class="unprintable"> |
589 |
|
590 |
<p id="ContactInfo">請來信到 <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a> 詢問有關自由軟體基金會(FSF)和 |
591 |
GNU 的一般問題;或者<a href="/contact/">以其他方式</a>聯絡自由軟體基金會。至於損毀的連結及其他修正和建議,可以將之寄給 <a |
592 |
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>。</p> |
593 |
|
594 |
<p> |
595 |
<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, |
596 |
replace it with the translation of these two: |
597 |
|
598 |
We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality |
599 |
translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. |
600 |
Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard |
601 |
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> |
602 |
|
603 |
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> |
604 |
|
605 |
<p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of |
606 |
our web pages, see <a |
607 |
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
608 |
README</a>. --> |
609 |
Please see the <a |
610 |
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> |
611 |
for information on coordinating and contributing translations of this |
612 |
article.</p> |
613 |
</div> |
614 |
|
615 |
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to |
616 |
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should |
617 |
be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this |
618 |
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first. |
619 |
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the |
620 |
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the |
621 |
document was modified, or published. |
622 |
|
623 |
If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. |
624 |
Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying |
625 |
years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable |
626 |
year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including |
627 |
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). |
628 |
|
629 |
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers |
630 |
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> |
631 |
<p>Copyright © 1996-2024 <a href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software |
632 |
Foundation</a>, Inc.</p> |
633 |
|
634 |
<p>本頁面採用<a rel="license" |
635 |
href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.zh_TW">創用 CC |
636 |
姓名標示-禁止改作 4.0 國際</a>條款給予授權。</p> |
637 |
|
638 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-tw.html" --> |
639 |
<div class="translators-credits"> |
640 |
|
641 |
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.--> |
642 |
<b>翻譯</b>:曾政嘉 <a href="mailto:zerngjia (at) member (dot) fsf (dot) |
643 |
org"><zerngjia (at) member (dot) fsf (dot) org></a>, 2017.</div> |
644 |
|
645 |
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start --> |
646 |
更新時間︰ |
647 |
|
648 |
$Date: 2024/05/17 06:04:04 $ |
649 |
|
650 |
<!-- timestamp end --> |
651 |
</p> |
652 |
</div> |
653 |
</div> |
654 |
<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include --> |
655 |
</body> |
656 |
</html> |