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<title>GNU 操作系统和自由软件运动</title>

<meta name="keywords" content="GNU、FSF、自由软件基金会、Linux、Emacs、GCC、Unix、自由软件、Libre Software、操作系统、GNU内核、GNU Hurd" />
<meta name="description" content="GNU 的开发始于1983年，它是自由的类 Unix 操作系统，这使得计算机用户拥有了分享和改进其所用软件的自由。" />
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<p class="no-display">GNU 是唯一一个专门为用户的自由而设计的操作系统。GNU 是什么，何种自由受到威胁？</p>

<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
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<div id="home">
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<div style="margin: 2.3em auto 0" class="c">

<!-- Please change the URLs of embedded resources from
https://static.fsf.org/* to https://static.gnu.org/* (RT #1868684) -->
<video width="512" height="288" controls="controls" crossorigin="anonymous"
poster="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/thumbnails/festival.jpeg">
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  src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.webm"
  type="video/webm" />
<source
  src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.ogv"
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<source
  src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.mp4"
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</video>
</div>

<p class="c">
<a
href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/help-others-find-free-software-watch-and-share-escape-to-freedom">自由大逃亡：来自
FSF 的视频</a></p>

<h2 class="first">GNU 是什么？</h2>

<p>GNU 是一个 <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">自由软件</a>
操作系统&mdash;就是说，它尊重其使用者的自由。GNU 操作系统包括 GNU 软件包（专门由 GNU
工程发布的程序）和由第三方发布的自由软件。GNU 的开发使你能够使用电脑而无需安装可能会侵害你自由的软件。</p>

<p>我们建议安装<a href="/distros/free-distros.html">这些 GNU 版本</a>（更确切地说是，GNU/Linux
发行版），它们完全是自由软件。<a href="#More-GNU">更多关于 GNU</a>。</p>

<div class="btn-left">
  <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">试用 GNU/Linux</a></div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

<div id="gnu-linux" role="figure">
<div class="screenshot">

 <!--#if expr="$DISTRO = dragora" -->
<a href="/distros/screenshots/dragora-ice.png"><img
   width="512" height="288"
   src="/distros/screenshots/dragora-tde-medium.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有 TDE 桌面的 Dragora&nbsp;3.0-beta2 发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
<p><small><a href="https://dragora.org/index.html">Dragora&nbsp;3.0-beta2</a>
发行版，带有 <a href="https://www.trinitydesktop.org/">TDE</a> 桌面</small></p>

 <!--#endif -->
<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = guix" -->
<a href="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3.jpg"><img
   width="512" height="288"
   src="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3-medium.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有GNOME&nbsp;3&nbsp;桌面的Guix&nbsp;0.15发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
<p><small><a href="/software/guix/">Guix&nbsp;发行版</a>，带有<a
href="https://www.gnome.org/">GNOME&nbsp;3&nbsp;</a>桌面、Epiphany浏览器、Totem视频播放器和GNOME终端模拟器</small></p>

 <!--#endif -->
<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = hyperbola" -->
<a href="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3.png"><img
   width="512" height="288"
   src="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3.png"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有 i3 窗口管理器的 Hyperbola 截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
<p><small>带有 <a href="https://i3wm.org/">i3
窗口管理器</a>、cool-retro-term（终端模拟器）、Gimp（图像编辑器）和 Iceweasel-UXP（网络浏览器）的<a
href="https://www.hyperbola.info/"> Hyperbola&nbsp;0.3</a></small></p>

 <!--#endif -->
<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = parabola" -->
<a href="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde.jpg"><img
   width="512" height="288"
   src="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde-medium.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有 LXDE 桌面的 Parabola 发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
<p><small>带有 <a href="http://lxde.sourceforge.net/about.html">LXDE 桌面</a> 的 <a
href="https://www.parabola.nu">Parabola&nbsp;2020</a> 发行版截图</small></p>

 <!--#endif -->
<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = pureos" -->
<a href="/distros/screenshots/pureos8-gnome3.jpg"><img
   width="512" height="264"
   src="/distros/screenshots/gnome3-medium.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有GNOME&nbsp;3&nbsp;桌面的PureOS&nbsp;8&nbsp;GNU/Linux发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
<p><small><a href="https://www.pureos.net/">PureOS&nbsp;8</a>GNU/Linux发行版，带有<a
href="https://www.gnome.org/">GNOME&nbsp;3</a>桌面，PureBrowser（浏览器）和Gimp（图像编辑器）</small></p>

 <!--#endif -->
<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = trisquel" -->
<a href="https://trisquel.info/files/screenshots/t10-office_0.jpg"><img
   width="512" height="320"
   src="/distros/screenshots/trisquel10-mate.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带MATE桌面的Trisquel&nbsp;10&nbsp;发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
<p><small><a href="https://trisquel.info">Trisquel&nbsp;10</a> 带有 <a
href="https://mate-desktop.org/">MATE</a> 桌面和 <a
href="https://www.libreoffice.org/">LibreOffice</a> 套件的一部分。</small></p>

<!--#endif -->
</div>

<div class="thumbs">
 <div>
  <a href="/home.html?distro=dragora#gnu-linux"><img
   width="128" height="72"
   src="/distros/screenshots/dragora-tde-thumb.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有 TDE 桌面的 Dragora&nbsp;3.0-beta2 发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
  <p><small>Dragora / TDE</small></p>
 </div>

 <div>
  <a href="/home.html?distro=guix#gnu-linux"><img
   width="128" height="72"
   src="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3-thumb.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有GNOME&nbsp;3&nbsp;桌面的Guix&nbsp;0.15发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
  <p><small>Guix / GNOME3</small></p>
 </div>

 <div>
  <a href="/home.html?distro=hyperbola#gnu-linux"><img
   width="128" height="72"
   src="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3-thumb.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有 i3 窗口管理器的 Hyperbola&nbsp;0.3 截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
  <p><small>Hyperbola / i3</small></p>
 </div>

 <div>
  <a href="/home.html?distro=parabola#gnu-linux"><img
   width="128" height="72"
   src="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde-thumb.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有 LXDE 桌面的 Parabola&nbsp;2020]&nbsp;" /></a>
  <p><small>Parabola / LXDE</small></p>
 </div>

 <div>
  <a href="/home.html?distro=pureos#gnu-linux"><img
   width="128" height="72"
   src="/distros/screenshots/gnome3-thumb.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带有GNOME&nbsp;3&nbsp;桌面的PureOS&nbsp;8&nbsp;GNU/Linux发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
  <p><small>PureOS / GNOME3</small></p>
 </div>

 <div>
  <a href="/home.html?distro=trisquel#gnu-linux"><img
   width="128" height="72"
   src="/distros/screenshots/trisquel10-mate-thumb.jpg"
   alt="&nbsp;[带MATE桌面的Trisquel&nbsp;10&nbsp;发行版截图]&nbsp;" /></a>
  <p><small>Trisquel / MATE</small></p>
 </div>
</div>
</div>

<div class="btn-right">...或者<a
href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Free_Software_Directory:Free_software_replacements">试用GNU组件</a></div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>

<h2>什么是自由软件运动？</h2>

<p>自由软件运动致力于通过自由软件使计算机用户获得自由计算的权利。自由软件的用户可以自主控制自己的计算。非自由软件使用户受制于软件开发者。参看 <a
href="/audio-video/philosophy-recordings.html#rms-201404070">视频介绍</a>。</p>

<h2>什么是自由软件？</h2>

<p><strong>自由软件意味着使用者有运行、复制、发布、研究、修改和改进该软件的自由。</strong></p>

<p>自由软件关乎自由，而非价格。要理解这个概念，你应该考虑 &ldquo;free&rdquo; 是 &ldquo;言论自由（free
speech）&rdquo;中的“自由”；而不是 &ldquo;免费啤酒（free beer）&rdquo;中的“免费”。</p>

<p>更精确地说，自由软件赋予软件使用者<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">四项基本自由</a>：</p>

<ul>
<li>不论目的为何，有运行该软件的自由（自由之零）。</li>
<li>有研究该软件如何工作以及按需改写该软件的自由（自由之一）。取得该软件源代码为达成此目的之前提。 </li>
<li>有重新发布拷贝的自由，这样你可以借此来敦亲睦邻（自由之二）。</li>
<li>有向公众发布改进版软件的自由（自由之三），这样整个社群都可因此受惠。取得该软件源码为达成此目的之前提。</li>
</ul>

<p>相比1983年，技术和网络的发展使这些自由<a
href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">现在更加重要</a>。</p>

<p>现在自由软件运动远远不仅是开发 GNU 系统。参看 <a href="https://www.fsf.org">自由软件基金会网站</a>
来了解更多关于我们做什么，以及 <a href="/help">你可以参与</a> 的方式。</p>

<h2>更多关于 GNU</h2>

<p><a id="More-GNU">GNU</a> 是一个类 Unix 操作系统。它是由多个应用程序、系统库、开发工具乃至游戏构成的程序集合。GNU
的开发始于 1984 年 1 月，称为 GNU 工程。GNU 的许多程序在 GNU 工程下发布；我们称之为 <a
href="/software/">GNU 软件包</a>。</p>

<p>&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;这个名字是&ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;的递归首字母缩写词。<a
href="/pronunciation/pronunciation.html">&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;的发音为<em>g'noo</em></a>，只有一个音节，发音很像&ldquo;grew&rdquo;，但需要把其中的<em>r</em>音替换为<em>n</em>音。</p>

<p>类 Unix 操作系统中用于资源分配和硬件管理的程序称为 &ldquo;内核&rdquo;。GNU 所用的典型内核是 Linux。该组合叫做 <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"><strong>GNU/Linux 操作系统</strong></a>。GNU/Linux
为几百万用户所使用，然而许多人 <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">错误地称之为
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;</a>。</p>

<p>GNU 自己的内核，<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>，开始于 1990 年（早于
Linux）。志愿者们仍在继续开发 Hurd，因为它是一个有趣的技术项目。</p>

<p class="button right-align"><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">更多信息</a></p>
</div>

<!-- /first-column -->
<div class="second-column" role="complementary">

<p class="c" style="margin-top: 2.3em"><a href="https://snowflake.torproject.org/">
<img style="width:12em; height:auto"
     src="/graphics/snowflake-purple.png" 
     alt="请安装 Snowflake！让大家绕过审查。" /></a></p>

<div id="franklin" class="emph-box color1">
<blockquote>
<p><i>正如我们享受他人的发明带来的巨大便利一样，我们也应该乐于有机会让自己的发明为他人服务，而且我们应该免费并慷慨地这么做。</i><br /> &mdash;&mdash;本杰明・富兰克林</p> 
</blockquote> 
</div>

<div id="giving-guide" class="emph-box color2">
<p>今年，请把自由当做礼物。<strong><a
href="https://www.fsf.org/givingguide/v14/">有道德的科技礼物馈赠指导</a></strong></p>
</div>

<div id="kind-comm" class="emph-box color2">
<p>GNU 工程强烈敦促社区以欢迎、友好和善意的方式沟通。请参看 <a
href="/philosophy/kind-communication.html">GNU 友善沟通指南</a>。</p>
</div>

<div id="Flashes" class="emph-box color1">
<h3><a href="https://planet.gnu.org/">Planet GNU</a> <a
href="https://planet.gnu.org/rss20.xml"><img src="/feed-icon-10x10.png"
alt="RSS 订阅" /></a></h3>
<div class="ltr">

<!--#include virtual="/planetfeeds.zh-cn.html" -->
</div>
</div>

<div id="Action" class="emph-box color2">
<h3>采取行动</h3>

<ul>
<li><strong><a href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns">支持正在进行的 FSF 行动</a></strong>。</li>
<li id="petition"><a href="https://my.fsf.org/give-students-userfreedom">请签名支持课堂自由的请愿</a>。</li>
<li id="copilot"><a href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:Copilot_Watch_Group">请加入 Copilot
关注组</a>。</li>
</ul>

<p class="back"><a href="/server/takeaction.html">其他行动事项</a></p>
</div>

<div id="priority" class="emph-box color1">
<p><strong>你可以帮助 GNU 的这些项目吗？</strong></p>
<ul>
  <li><a href="/help/priority-projects.html">GNU 高优先级增强项目</a></li>
  <li><a href="/help/music-subtraction.html">消除背景音乐的自由程序</a></li>

<!--  <li>
<a 
href="/help/important-new-small-to-medium-programs-needed.html">
Important new small-to-medium programs needed</a></li> ##This is a new 
page to be created which will initially contain a link to /help/music-subtraction.html-->
</ul>
</div>

<div class="emph-box color2">
<p id="long-term"><strong>你能够为这些 <a
href="//www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">长期高优先级项目</a>
做出贡献吗？</strong></p>
</div>

<div id="unmaint" class="emph-box color1">
<p><strong>你能帮助 <a href="/server/takeaction.html#unmaint">维护一个 GNU
软件包</a>吗？以下项目需要维护者：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
  <a href="/software/cfengine/">cfengine</a>, <a
href="/software/halifax/">halifax</a>, <a
href="/software/quickthreads/">quickthreads</a>, <a
href="/software/guile-sdl/">guile-sdl</a>, <a
href="/software/superopt/">superopt</a></li>
</ul>

<p>还有，以下软件包在寻找协同维护人员：</p>
<ul>
<li>
  <a href="/software/aspell/">aspell</a>、<a
href="/software/bison/">bison</a>、<a href="/software/gnuae/">gnuae</a>、<a
href="/software/gnubik/">gnubik</a>、<a
href="/software/metaexchange/">metaexchange</a>、<a
href="/software/powerguru/">powerguru</a>、<a
href="/software/xboard/">xboard</a>。</li>
</ul>
<p>请参看软件包主页来了解更多信息。</p>
</div>

<div id="blurb" class="emph-box color2">
<p><strong><a href="/software/recent-releases.html">最新发布的GNU软件包</a></strong></p>

<p><strong><a href="/manual/blurbs.html">全部GNU软件包的简介</a></strong></p>

<p style="margin-top: 2em">今日随机软件包&hellip;</p>

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<h3>译注</h3>
<ol>
<li id="TransNote1">decentralization, federation and self-hosting:
decentralization 是指去中心化，比如区块链、比特币等无需中央机构管理的技术；federation
是指由一群计算机或网络在共同达成一致的基础上提供服务的协作方式；self-hosting
是指建立在自主主机上的网络服务形式。这些技术都意在降低少量大机构对网络的控制。</li>
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请加入我们！</p>

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<b>翻译</b>：李凡希，2010。<br></br>
<b>翻译团队</b>：<a rel="team"
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/">&lt;CTT&gt;</a>，2017-2024。</div>

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