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<title>The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement</title> |
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<p class="no-display">GNU is the only operating system developed |
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specifically to give its users freedom. What is GNU, and what freedom |
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is at stake?</p> |
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|
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<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> |
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<div id="home"> |
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<div style="margin: 2.3em auto 0" class="c"> |
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https://static.fsf.org/* to https://static.gnu.org/* (RT #1868684) --> |
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<video width="512" height="288" controls="controls" crossorigin="anonymous" |
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poster="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/thumbnails/festival.jpeg"> |
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<source |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.webm" |
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type="video/webm" /> |
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<source |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.ogv" |
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type="video/ogg" /> |
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<source |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/videos/escape-to-freedom-720p.mp4" |
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type="video/mp4" /> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="English" srclang="en" |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/captions/escape-to-freedom_en.vtt" |
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default="default" /> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="Czech" srclang="cs" |
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src="/server/banners/escape-to-freedom_cs.vtt" /> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="Spanish" srclang="es" |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/captions/escape-to-freedom_es.vtt" |
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/> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="French" srclang="fr" |
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src="/server/banners/escape-to-freedom_fr.vtt" /> |
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<track kind="subtitles" label="Chinese" srclang="zh" |
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src="https://static.gnu.org/nosvn/videos/escape-to-freedom/captions/escape-to-freedom_zh.vtt" |
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/> |
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</video> |
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</div> |
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|
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<p class="c"> |
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<a href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/help-others-find-free-software-watch-and-share-escape-to-freedom"> |
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Escape to Freedom: A video from the FSF</a></p> |
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|
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<h2 class="first">What is GNU?</h2> |
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|
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<p>GNU is an operating system that |
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is <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>—that is, |
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it respects users' freedom. The GNU operating system consists of GNU |
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packages (programs specifically released by the GNU Project) as well |
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as free software released by third parties. The development of GNU |
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made it possible to use a computer without software that would trample |
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your freedom.</p> |
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|
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<p>We recommend <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">installable |
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versions of GNU</a> (more precisely, GNU/Linux distributions) which |
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are entirely free software. <a href="#More-GNU">More about GNU |
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below</a>.</p> |
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|
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<div class="btn-left"> |
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<a href="/distros/free-distros.html">Try GNU/Linux</a></div> |
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<div style="clear:both"></div> |
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|
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<div id="gnu-linux" role="figure"> |
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<div class="screenshot"> |
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<!--#if expr="$DISTRO = dragora" --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/dragora-tde.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/dragora-tde-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Dragora 3.0-beta2 with TDE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://dragora.org/index.html"> |
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Dragora 3.0-beta2</a> with <a href="https://www.trinitydesktop.org/">TDE</a> |
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desktop</small></p> |
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<!--#endif --><!--#if expr="$DISTRO = guix" --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Guix 0.15 with GNOME 3 desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="/software/guix/">Guix 0.15</a> with <a |
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href="https://www.gnome.org/">GNOME 3</a> desktop, Epiphany web |
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browser, Totem video player, and GNOME terminal emulator</small></p> |
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<!--#endif --><!--#if expr="$DISTRO = hyperbola" --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3.png"><img |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3.png" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Hyperbola with i3 window manager] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://www.hyperbola.info/"> |
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Hyperbola 0.3</a> with <a href="https://i3wm.org/">i3 window manager</a>, |
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cool-retro-term (terminal emulator), Gimp (image editor), and Iceweasel-UXP (web |
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browser)</small></p> |
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<!--#endif --><!--#if expr="$DISTRO = parabola" --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="288" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Parabola with LXDE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://www.parabola.nu">Parabola 2020</a> with <a |
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href="http://lxde.sourceforge.net/about.html">LXDE desktop</a></small></p> |
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<!--#endif --><!--#if expr="$DISTRO = pureos" --> |
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<a href="/distros/screenshots/pureos8-gnome3.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="264" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/gnome3-medium.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of PureOS 8 with GNOME 3 desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://www.pureos.net/">PureOS 8</a> with <a |
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href="https://www.gnome.org/">GNOME 3</a> desktop, |
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PureBrowser (web browser), and Gimp (image editor)</small></p> |
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<!--#endif --><!--#if expr="$DISTRO = trisquel" --> |
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<a href="https://trisquel.info/files/screenshots/t10-office_0.jpg"><img |
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width="512" height="320" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/trisquel10-mate.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Trisquel 10 with MATE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small><a href="https://trisquel.info">Trisquel 10</a> with <a |
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href="https://mate-desktop.org/">MATE</a> desktop, and part of the <a |
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href="https://www.libreoffice.org/">LibreOffice</a> suite.</small></p> |
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<!--#endif --> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div class="thumbs"> |
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=dragora#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/dragora-tde-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Dragora 3.0-beta2 with TDE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Dragora / TDE</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=guix#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/guixSD-gnome3-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Guix 0.15 with GNOME 3 desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Guix / GNOME3</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=hyperbola#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/hyperbola-i3-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Hyperbola 0.3 with i3 window manager] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Hyperbola / i3</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=parabola#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/parabola2020-lxde-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Parabola 2020 with LXDE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Parabola / LXDE</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=pureos#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/gnome3-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of PureOS 8 with GNOME 3 desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small>PureOS / GNOME3</small></p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div> |
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<a href="/home.html?distro=trisquel#gnu-linux"><img |
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width="128" height="72" |
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src="/distros/screenshots/trisquel10-mate-thumb.jpg" |
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alt=" [Screenshot of Trisquel 10 with MATE desktop] " /></a> |
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<p><small>Trisquel / MATE</small></p> |
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</div> |
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</div> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div class="btn-right">... or <a |
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href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Free_Software_Directory:Free_software_replacements"> |
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Try parts of GNU</a></div> |
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<div style="clear:both"></div> |
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|
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<h2>What is the Free Software Movement?</h2> |
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|
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<p>The free software movement campaigns to win for the users of |
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computing the freedom that comes from free software. Free software |
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puts its users in control of their own computing. Nonfree software |
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puts its users under the power of the software's developer. See |
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<a href="/audio-video/philosophy-recordings.html#rms-201404070"> |
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the video explanation</a>.</p> |
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|
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<h2>What is Free Software?</h2> |
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|
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<p><strong>Free software means the users have the freedom to run, |
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copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.</strong></p> |
384 |
|
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<p>Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the |
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concept, you should think of “free” as in “free |
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speech,” not as in “free beer.”</p> |
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|
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<p>More precisely, free software means users of a program have |
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the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">four essential |
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freedoms</a>:</p> |
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|
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<ul> |
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<li>The freedom to run the program as you wish, |
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for any purpose (freedom 0).</li> |
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<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it |
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does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source |
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code is a precondition for this.</li> |
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<li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others |
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(freedom 2).</li> |
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<li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions |
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to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole |
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community a chance to benefit from your changes. |
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Access to the source code is a precondition for this.</li> |
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</ul> |
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|
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<p>Developments in technology and network use have made these freedoms |
408 |
<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">even more |
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important now</a> than they were in 1983.</p> |
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|
411 |
<p>Nowadays the free software movement goes far beyond developing the |
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GNU system. See <a href="https://www.fsf.org">the Free Software |
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Foundation's web site</a> for more about what we do, and a list |
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of <a href="/help">ways you can help</a>.</p> |
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|
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<h2>More about GNU</h2> |
417 |
|
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<p><a id="More-GNU">GNU</a> is a Unix-like operating system. That |
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means it is a collection of many programs: applications, libraries, |
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developer tools, even games. The development of GNU, started in |
421 |
January 1984, is known as the GNU Project. Many of the programs in |
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GNU are released under the auspices of the GNU Project; those we |
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call <a href="/software/">GNU packages</a>.</p> |
424 |
|
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<p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's |
426 |
Not |
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Unix.” <a href="/pronunciation/pronunciation.html">“GNU” |
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is pronounced <em>g'noo</em></a>, as one syllable, like saying |
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“grew” but replacing the <em>r</em> with <em>n</em>.</p> |
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|
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<p>The program in a Unix-like system that allocates machine resources |
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and talks to the hardware is called the “kernel.” GNU is |
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typically used with a kernel called Linux. This combination is |
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the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"><strong>GNU/Linux operating |
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system</strong></a>. GNU/Linux is used by millions, though |
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many <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">call it “Linux” by |
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mistake</a>.</p> |
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|
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<p>GNU's own kernel, the <a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, |
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was started in 1990 (before Linux was started). Volunteers continue |
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developing the Hurd because it is an interesting technical |
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project.</p> |
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|
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<p class="button right-align"><a href="/gnu/gnu.html">More information</a></p> |
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</div><!-- /first-column --> |
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|
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<div class="second-column" role="complementary"> |
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|
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<p class="c" style="margin-top: 2.3em"><a href="https://snowflake.torproject.org/"> |
450 |
<img style="width:12em; height:auto" |
451 |
src="/graphics/snowflake-purple.png" |
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alt="Help people bypass censorship. Run Snowflake!" /></a></p> |
453 |
|
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<div id="franklin" class="emph-box color1"> |
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<blockquote> |
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<p><i>As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be |
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glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours, and this we |
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should do freely and generously.</i><br /> —Benjamin Franklin</p> |
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</blockquote> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div id="giving-guide" class="emph-box color2"> |
463 |
<p>This year, choose Freedom as a gift. <strong><a |
464 |
href="https://www.fsf.org/givingguide/v14/"> |
465 |
Ethical Tech Giving Guide</a></strong></p> |
466 |
</div> |
467 |
|
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<div id="kind-comm" class="emph-box color2"> |
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<p>The GNU Project strongly urges the community to communicate in |
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ways that are friendly, welcoming and kind. See the |
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<a href="/philosophy/kind-communication.html"> |
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GNU Kind Communications Guidelines</a>.</p> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div id="Flashes" class="emph-box color1"> |
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<h3><a href="https://planet.gnu.org/">Planet GNU</a> |
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<a href="https://planet.gnu.org/rss20.xml"><img src="/feed-icon-10x10.png" |
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alt="RSS Feed" /></a></h3> |
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<div class="ltr"> |
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<!--#include virtual="/planetfeeds.html" --> |
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</div> |
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</div> |
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|
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<div id="Action" class="emph-box color2"> |
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<h3>Take Action</h3> |
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|
487 |
<ul> |
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<li><strong><a href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns">Support current FSF |
489 |
campaigns</a></strong>.</li> |
490 |
<li id="petition"><a |
491 |
href="https://my.fsf.org/give-students-userfreedom">Sign the petition |
492 |
for freedom in the classroom</a>.</li> |
493 |
<li id="copilot"><a |
494 |
href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:Copilot_Watch_Group">Join the |
495 |
Copilot Watch Group</a>.</li> |
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</ul> |
497 |
|
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<p class="back"><a href="/server/takeaction.html">More action items</a></p> |
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</div> |
500 |
|
501 |
<div id="priority" class="emph-box color1"> |
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<p><strong>Can you help GNU with any of these projects?</strong></p> |
503 |
<ul> |
504 |
<li><a |
505 |
href="/help/priority-projects.html">GNU high priority enhancement projects</a></li> |
506 |
<li><a |
507 |
href="/help/music-subtraction.html">Free program to subtract |
508 |
background music</a></li> |
509 |
<!-- <li><a |
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href="/help/important-new-small-to-medium-programs-needed.html"> |
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Important new small-to-medium programs needed</a></li> ##This is a new |
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513 |
</ul> |
514 |
</div> |
515 |
|
516 |
<div class="emph-box color2"> |
517 |
<p id="long-term"><strong>Can you contribute to any of |
518 |
the <a href="//www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects/">long-term |
519 |
high priority projects</a>?</strong></p> |
520 |
</div> |
521 |
|
522 |
<div id="unmaint" class="emph-box color1"> |
523 |
<p><strong>Can you help <a |
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href="/server/takeaction.html#unmaint">maintain a GNU package</a>? |
525 |
These packages are looking for maintainers:</strong></p> |
526 |
<ul> |
527 |
<li><span class="gnun-split"></span> |
528 |
<a href="/software/cfengine/">cfengine</a>, |
529 |
<a href="/software/halifax/">halifax</a>, |
530 |
<a href="/software/quickthreads/">quickthreads</a>, |
531 |
<a href="/software/guile-sdl/">guile-sdl</a>, |
532 |
<a href="/software/superopt/">superopt</a><span class="gnun-split"></span></li> |
533 |
</ul> |
534 |
|
535 |
<p>Also, these packages are looking for co-maintainers:</p> |
536 |
<ul> |
537 |
<li><span class="gnun-split"></span> |
538 |
<a href="/software/aspell/">aspell</a>, |
539 |
<a href="/software/bison/">bison</a>, |
540 |
<a href="/software/gnuae/">gnuae</a>, |
541 |
<a href="/software/gnubik/">gnubik</a>, |
542 |
<a href="/software/metaexchange/">metaexchange</a>, |
543 |
<a href="/software/powerguru/">powerguru</a>, |
544 |
<a href="/software/xboard/">xboard</a><span class="gnun-split"></span>.</li> |
545 |
</ul> |
546 |
<p>See the package web pages for more information.</p> |
547 |
</div> |
548 |
|
549 |
<div id="blurb" class="emph-box color2"> |
550 |
<p><strong><a href="/software/recent-releases.html">Recent GNU |
551 |
releases</a></strong></p> |
552 |
|
553 |
<p><strong><a href="/manual/blurbs.html">Short descriptions for all GNU |
554 |
packages</a></strong></p> |
555 |
|
556 |
<p style="margin-top: 2em">Today's random package…</p> |
557 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/home-pkgselect.html" --> |
558 |
<div class="ltr"> |
559 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/home-pkgblurbs.html" --> |
560 |
</div> |
561 |
</div> |
562 |
|
563 |
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564 |
</div><!-- /home --> |
565 |
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<div style="clear:both"></div> |
567 |
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> |
568 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" --> |
569 |
|
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<p id="sisters">The <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">FSF</a> also has sister |
571 |
organizations in <a href="https://fsfe.org/">Europe</a>, <a |
572 |
href="https://www.fsfla.org/ikiwiki/">Latin America</a> and <a |
573 |
href="https://fsf.org.in/">India</a>.<br /> |
574 |
Feel free to join them!</p> |
575 |
|
576 |
<div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> |
577 |
<div class="unprintable"> |
578 |
|
579 |
<p id="ContactInfo">Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to |
580 |
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. |
581 |
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> |
582 |
the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent |
583 |
to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p> |
584 |
|
585 |
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, |
586 |
replace it with the translation of these two: |
587 |
|
588 |
We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality |
589 |
translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. |
590 |
Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard |
591 |
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> |
592 |
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> |
593 |
|
594 |
<p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of |
595 |
our web pages, see <a |
596 |
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
597 |
README</a>. --> |
598 |
Please see the <a |
599 |
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations |
600 |
README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations |
601 |
of this article.</p> |
602 |
</div> |
603 |
|
604 |
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to |
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Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the |
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If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too. |
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616 |
being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system). |
617 |
|
618 |
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers |
619 |
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --> |
620 |
|
621 |
<p>Copyright © 1996-2024 <a |
622 |
href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software Foundation</a>, Inc.</p> |
623 |
|
624 |
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license" |
625 |
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative |
626 |
Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p> |
627 |
|
628 |
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" --> |
629 |
|
630 |
<p class="unprintable">Updated: |
631 |
<!-- timestamp start --> |
632 |
$Date: 2024/04/25 08:26:38 $ |
633 |
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634 |
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635 |
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636 |
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